Party - Party

In China, this refers to a secret society. Since ancient times, there have been many private secret societies centered on various heretical beliefs in China. Especially from the second half of the 18th century, as the old society was being dismantled, many different "societies" were born, mainly consisting of vagrants, transportation workers, miners, small merchants, farmers, lower-level officials, unemployed soldiers, and some non-governmental scholars. The Tiandi Society, which was born in Fujian in the second half of the 18th century, its offshoots the Xiao Dao Society, the Sanhe Society, and the Big Sword Society, which descended from the White Lotus Sect in Shandong, are particularly well known. They often rose up in revolts under slogans such as "Ku Fu Saihin" (to make rich and save poor) and "Replace Heaven and the Way," and in peacetime they also functioned as a form of mutual aid through patriarchal guild (bang) ties centered around the leader. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, some of these societies established local governments with the sectarian principles of "Abolish Manchuria and the Rising of the Han Dynasty" or "Restore Manchuria and the Ming Dynasty." In particular, the Ge Lao Society, which originated in Sichuan, expanded throughout central China from the second half of the 19th century onwards and played a major role in anti-Christian riots.

Before the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries were attracted to the military power of these "Hui" and tried to form an alliance with them, and came to refer to them collectively as the "Hui-dang."

[Shinji Kojima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国で秘密結社のことをいう。中国には古くから各種の異端信仰を中心とする民間秘密結社が多数存在していた。とくに18世紀後半以降、旧社会の解体が進むにつれ、遊民や交通労働者、鉱夫、小商人、農民、下層吏員、失業兵士などを中心に、一部の在野読書人も参加した各種の「会」が多数生まれた。18世紀後半に福建で生まれた天地会、その支派である小刀会、三合会、山東の白蓮(びゃくれん)教の流れをくむ大刀会などはとくに知られ、却富済貧(こうふさいひん)、替天行道などのスローガンを掲げてしばしば蜂起(ほうき)し、平時は首領を中心に家父長制的なギルド（帮(パン)）的結合によって相互扶助の機能をも果たした。太平天国運動以後、それらのなかには滅満興漢、ないし反満復明(みん)の宗旨を掲げて地方政権を樹立するものも出現した。とくに四川(しせん)におこった哥老(かろう)会は19世紀後半以後、華中一帯に拡大し、反キリスト教暴動にも大きな役割を果たした。

　辛亥(しんがい)革命前、孫文(そんぶん)ら革命派はこれらの「会」の武力に着目して提携しようとし、彼らを「会党」と総称するようになった。

［小島晋治］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例