A clock that uses an oscillator that utilizes the elastic vibration and piezoelectric effect of quartz as a time standard. It is also called a quartz clock. During the development of wireless communication, research was conducted on quartz oscillators and crystal units to obtain a stable frequency (frequency), and in 1927, American Warren A. Marison invented a clock that used this quartz oscillator. Meanwhile, in 1933 (Showa 8), Issaku Koga discovered an oscillator called R-cut, whose frequency is virtually unaffected by temperature changes, which greatly contributed to establishing the position of quartz oscillators as a stable vibration source. After that, rapid advances in electronics, such as the invention of transistors and integrated circuits, led to miniaturization and low power consumption, and finally quartz wristwatches appeared on the market at the end of 1969. Although quartz clocks are gradually losing their position as standard clocks to atomic clocks today, they came to account for the majority of clock products in a short period of time because they are easy to obtain high accuracy and are suitable for mass production. High-precision models have an error rate of about 0.001 seconds per day, while commercially available models have an accuracy rate of 0.01 to 1 second per day. The most important part of the structure of a quartz clock is the quartz oscillator. This is a device that applies voltage to the oscillator, causing elastic vibration, extracts the vibration voltage of the natural frequency, and at the same time amplifies a part of it and returns it to the oscillator to continue the vibration. The frequency and temperature characteristics of the quartz oscillator are determined by the way the crystal is cut from the axis of the quartz, its shape, and its dimensions. The frequency range used in clocks is 8 kHz to 8 MHz, and since these cannot be used as they are, they are electronically stepped down to the required frequency by a frequency divider circuit. The drive circuit shapes these signals, amplifies their power, and sends them to the synchronous motor, which is the conversion section that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. The rotation of the motor is transmitted to the hour and minute hands by gears. In watches that use liquid crystal or light-emitting diodes for the display section, known as fully electronic clocks, the time is displayed by a counter circuit that works in cooperation with the frequency divider circuit to obtain signals such as seconds, minutes, and hours, a decoder circuit that decodes the signals and makes them easy to understand, such as numbers, and a driver circuit that applies and cuts off voltage to the segments. [Kuniyuki Motomochi] [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水晶の弾性振動と圧電効果を利用した振動子を時間標準に使用している時計。クォーツ時計ともいう。無線通信の発達過程で安定した周波数(振動数)を得るため水晶発振器、水晶振動子の研究が行われたが、1927年アメリカのマリソンWarren A. Marisonはこの水晶発振器を利用した時計を発明した。一方、1933年(昭和8)古賀逸策(いっさく)の、Rカットとよばれる振動数が温度変化に事実上影響されない振動子の発見は、安定した振動源として水晶発振器の地位確立に大きく貢献した。その後、トランジスタ、集積回路の発明などエレクトロニクスの急速な進歩によって小型化、低電力化され、1969年末にはついに水晶腕時計が市場に現れた。水晶時計は、今日では標準時計の地位をしだいに原子時計に奪われてはいるものの、高精度が容易に得られ、量産に適していることから、短期間のうちに時計製品の大半を占めるに至った。高精度のものは1日の誤差が0.001秒程度から、一般市販品は1日0.01~1秒の精度である。 水晶時計の構造中、重要なものに水晶発振部がある。これは振動子に電圧を加え、弾性振動をおこさせ、その固有振動数の振動電圧を取り出すと同時に、その一部を増幅して振動子に戻し、その振動を継続させる働きをもつ装置である。水晶振動子は、水晶の結晶軸からの切出し方、形状、寸法によって振動数、温度特性が決まる。時計に使用されている振動数範囲は8キロヘルツ~8メガヘルツであり、これらはそのままでは利用できないので分周回路によって電子的に必要な振動数まで逓降(ていこう)する。駆動回路はこれらを波形整形、電力増幅し、電気エネルギーを機械的な運動に変える変換部の同期モーターに送る。モーターの回転は歯車によって時針、分針に伝えられる。全電子時計とよばれる、表示部に液晶または発光ダイオードを用いた時計では、分周回路と協同して、秒・分・時などの信号を得るカウンター回路、信号を解読してわかりやすい、たとえば数字の形とするデコーダー回路、およびセグメントに電圧を加えたり切ったりするドライバー回路によって時刻の表示が行われる。 [元持邦之] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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