Automatic piloting device. As aircraft become larger and more powerful, they begin to fly at high speeds and over long distances, and they often require extremely precise operation that exceeds human ability. For this reason, a series of aircraft control systems are used that leave the understanding of flight conditions and responses to machines, reducing the burden on the pilot. These systems are called autopilots (automatic steering devices for ships). Autopilots have a long history, having been put into practical use in the 1930s by the American father and son duo Elmer & Lawrence Sperry. Early versions of autopilots maintained a given attitude and heading by manipulating the control surfaces in response to changes in the aircraft's attitude and heading caused by external forces during flight. Modern autopilots are essentially the same. They read changes in attitude and heading with a gyroscope or accelerometer, convert the amount of change into an electrical signal and send it to a computer, which calculates the angle of the control surfaces while simultaneously manipulating the control surfaces with hydraulics or electricity. Recently, advances in electronic technology have made this function more precise, allowing it to respond to increasingly complex and diverse flight characteristics and traffic control. It has also been improved to function as a comprehensive flight control system (AFCS) in combination with various systems such as an integrated indicator, navigation device, steering device, and engine thrust control device, and not only cruising but also takeoff and landing have been automated, making all-weather operation possible, greatly contributing to reducing the burden on pilots and improving safety. In the future, the incorporation of aerial collision avoidance systems will enable the use of an ascending cruise method, which is considered ideal for jet aircraft, and it is expected that this will lead to greater economic efficiency. Meanwhile, autopilots are used in military aircraft for a series of actions, including approach, attack, and evacuation, in addition to navigation, and are considered to be an essential device for ultra-low altitude approaches to avoid radar tracking. [Kazuo Ochiai] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
自動操縦装置のこと。航空機が大型化、高性能化すると、高速ならびに長距離の飛行を行うようになり、しばしば人間の能力を超える、きわめて精密な操作が必要になってくる。そこで、飛行状態の把握や対応を機械に任せ、操縦士の負担を軽くしようとする一連の航空機操縦システムが用いられており、これをオートパイロット(船舶では自動操舵(そうだ)装置)という。 オートパイロットの起源は古く、1930年代にアメリカのスペリー父子Elmer & Lawrence Sperryによって実用化されている。初期のものは、飛行中に外力によって加えられた機体の姿勢や方位の変化に対して、その変化量に応じて舵面を操作し、所定の姿勢や方位を保つものであった。現代のオートパイロットも原理的には同じである。姿勢や方位の変化をジャイロや加速度計で読み取り、その変化量を電気的シグナルに変換してコンピュータに送り、舵面の角度を計算すると同時に油圧または電力で舵面を操作するものである。最近では電子技術の進歩により、この働きはより精密になり、複雑多様化した飛行特性や交通管制に応じられるようになっている。さらに総合指示計器、航法装置、操舵装置、エンジン推力制御装置などの諸システムと組み合わせて、総合的な飛行制御システムauto flight control system(AFCS)として機能するように改良され、巡航はもとより離着陸も自動化されて、全天候運航が可能となり、操縦士の負担の軽減と安全性の向上に大きく貢献している。 将来は、空中衝突防止装置の組み込みにより、ジェット機にとって理想とされる上昇巡航方式も可能となり、経済性はより向上することが期待されている。一方、軍用機では航行のほか、進入、攻撃、避退の一連の行動に対してもオートパイロットが使用され、ことにレーダーの追跡を回避する超低空進入には不可欠の装置とされている。 [落合一夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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