Sokodara - There

Japanese: ソコダラ - そこだら
Sokodara - There

A marine fish belonging to the family Rattailidae in the order Gadiformes of the class Osteichthyes. The name Rattail is the Japanese name of a species found in Sagami Bay, and is also used as a general term for the Rattails (or Grenadiers) of the family Rattailidae. Rattails are a species of the genus Rattailidae found off the coast of the Boso Peninsula and in Sagami Bay. They have a short snout with a rounded front end. They can be distinguished from closely related species by having 13 soft rays in their pelvic fins, the front end of the light-emitting organ not far beyond the base of the pelvic fins, the anus and anal fins being quite far apart, a small mouth, and an upper jaw length less than one-third of the head length. They reach a body length of about 38 centimeters.

There are 27 genera and approximately 350 species of fish in the family Polypodium, of which 68 species in 16 genera are known to exist in the waters around Japan. They are widely distributed in the world's oceans (mostly tropical and subtropical) except for the central Arctic Ocean. They live at depths of about 100 meters to 6,500 meters (mostly 200-2,000 meters) and are the most dominant taxon on the continental shelf slope. Their main characteristics are that they have an elongated body, a string-like tail, and no tail fin. They have two dorsal fins, the base of the first dorsal fin is short and has one or two spines. The bases of the second dorsal fin and the anal fin are long and extend backwards to the end of the tail. The pelvic fins begin near the front and rear of the base of the pectoral fin. There are barbels at the front end of the lower jaw. The shape of the head is highly variable, ranging from a type with a large mouth that opens at the front of the head to a type with a sharp snout protruding forward and a smaller mouth that has been moved to the underside of the head. The change in mouth shape clearly shows the process of evolution and adaptation of the grubs. In other words, it shows that they have transitioned from a pelagic diet, swimming in the mid- and deep layers of the ocean and preying on fish and squid with a wide open mouth, to a benthic diet, with a small mouth protruding from the underside of the head and eating worms and other creatures that live on the muddy bottom.

Compared to the mid- and deep-sea areas, the seabed has more complex topography, ocean currents, and other environmental factors, resulting in the emergence of new species in each sea area and at each depth. Furthermore, many gracile species, such as the genus Pleurotus, Pleurotus nigricans, and Pleurotus nigricans, have a pouch-like organ in the abdominal wall just before the anus, in which luminous bacteria live symbiotically. The luminous organ has a different shape for each species, with a well-developed reflective layer and a black pigmented layer that flashes light, and in some cases even a compound lens. The luminescence in the deep sea clearly serves as a recognition signal, increasing the chances of schooling and encounters between males and females, which ultimately leads to the prosperity of the species. It is attracting attention as an important untapped resource. Shallow-water gracile species are caught with motorized bottom trawls and deep-sea longlines, and some species are used in stews and soups, while others are used as ingredients for surimi.

[Tsuru Okamura and Kunio Amagaoka June 20, 2016]

[Reference] | Striped cod | Toujin | Rat cod

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱タラ目ソコダラ科に属する海水魚。ソコダラという呼称は相模湾(さがみわん)から得られた種の和名、あるいはソコダラ科魚類rattails(もしくはgrenadiers)の総称としても用いられている。ソコダラは房総半島沖および相模湾に分布しているネズミダラ属の1種で、吻(ふん)は短くて、前端は丸い。腹びれは13軟条であること、発光器の前端は腹びれの起部を大きく越えないこと、肛門(こうもん)と臀(しり)びれの起部はかなり離れていること、口は小さく、上顎(じょうがく)長は頭長の3分の1以下であることなどで近縁種と区別できる。体長約38センチメートルに達する。

 ソコダラ科の魚類は世界で27属およそ350種、そのうち日本近海では16属68種が知られており、北極海中央部を除く世界の海(ほとんどは熱帯と亜熱帯)に広く分布する。また、垂直的には100メートル前後から6500メートルの深海(ほとんどは200~2000メートル)に生息し、大陸棚斜面でもっとも優占する分類群である。体は延長し、尾部は紐(ひも)状で、尾びれがないことが大きな特徴。背びれは2基で、第1背びれの基底は短く、1、2本の棘条(きょくじょう)がある。第2背びれと臀びれの基底は長く、後方に延長して尾端に達する。腹びれは胸びれの基底下の前後付近から始まる。下顎の前端にひげがある。頭部の形態は変化に富み、口が大きくて頭の前端に開く種類から、吻が鋭く前方に突出し、口は縮小して頭の下面に移動した種類まで、さまざまである。口の形態の変化はソコダラ類の進化・適応の過程をよく表している。つまり、大洋の中・深層を遊泳し、口を大きく開いて魚類やイカ類を捕食する遊泳動物食性から、頭の下面の小さな口を突出し、泥底中にすむゴカイ類などを食べる底生動物食性へと移行してきたことを物語っている。

 海底は、中・深層に比べて、地形や海流その他の環境要因が複雑であり、各海域ごとに、また水深ごとに新しい種が派生する結果となった。さらに、スジダラ属、ネズミダラ属、トウジン属など多くのソコダラ類は、肛門直前の腹壁中に袋状の器官を備え、発光バクテリアを共生させている。発光器は種ごとに形態が異なり、反射層や光を点滅させる黒色素層が発達し、場合によっては複合レンズまで備えた種類もいる。深海での発光は明らかに認識信号として役だち、群れの形成や雌雄遭遇の機会を高め、ひいては種の繁栄をもたらしている。重要未開発資源として注目されている。浅海性のものは機船底引網や深海延縄(はえなわ)で漁獲され、一部の魚種は煮つけや吸い物種に、そのほかはすり身原料として利用されている。

[岡村 收・尼岡邦夫 2016年6月20日]

[参照項目] | スジダラ | トウジン | ネズミダラ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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