Qian Daxin

A Chinese scholar from the mid-to-late Qing dynasty. His pen name was Xiao Zheng, also known as Xinbi, and his pen name was Zhuting. He was from Jiading County, Jiangsu Province. At the age of 22, he studied at Ziyang Academy in Suzhou, and was known by the scholar Huidong of Wu County. In 1751 (the 16th year of the Qianlong era), during Emperor Qianlong's tour of the south, he was summoned to the capital and given the rank of provincial governor. He was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary and went to the capital, where he studied Western astronomy and mathematics, and wrote the Santong Shuyan, an annotation of the calendar system of Liu Xin of the Han dynasty. In 1754, he passed the Jinshi examination along with his wife's brother Wang Mingsheng, as well as Ji Yun, Wang Chang (1725-1806), and Zhu Yun (1729-1781). He served as a Hanlin officer (the secretariat directly under the emperor, responsible for drafting and editing imperial edicts) and eventually became a junior Zhan officer in the Zhanshifu. During this time, he lectured to the prince, helped compile imperial texts, and served as chief examiner for the local examination and as a co-examiner for the imperial examination. In 1775, at the age of 48, he returned home after losing his father, serving as the educational administrator in Canton, but instead retired to serve as the director of Ziyang Academy and other institutions, nurturing the next generation of scholars, and devoting himself to his studies without any regard for fame or fortune. His studies covered a wide range of subjects, including classics, history, phonetics, astronomy and mathematics, geography, and epigraphy, and his vast knowledge gave him a deep knowledge. He was a leading authority in Qing dynasty historical research, and his theories always led to highly reliable conclusions. Although the Yuan Shiji has not been preserved, his Twenty-two Histories and Postscript to the Inscriptions of the Senkendo Hall established a methodology for the study of Qing dynasty history. "Jugasai Yoshinroku" and "Chikutei Nikkisho" are written notes of his reading and research, and his collected works include "Senken-do Bunshu" (50 volumes in total) and "Shishu" (poetry collection) (20 volumes in total). He is also well-known as a poet. His writings are collected and printed in the "Senken-do Zensho" (Complete Collection of Poems).

[Mitsuo Kondo]

"Continuation of Human Poetry: Qian Daxin" (included in "Complete Works of Yoshikawa Kojiro 1", 1968, Chikuma Shobo) "Qian Daxin and Daoist Priest" (included in "Complete Works of Yoshikawa Kojiro 22", 1975, Chikuma Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)朝中葉後期の学者。字(あざな)は暁徴(ぎょうちょう)、また辛楣(しんび)、号は竹汀(ちくてい)。江蘇(こうそ)省嘉定(かてい)県の人。22歳で蘇州の紫陽書院に学び、呉郡の学者、恵棟(けいとう)に知られる。1751年（乾隆16）乾隆帝南巡のおり召試によって挙人を賜り、内閣中書に任ぜられて都へ出ると、西洋の天文数学を研究して漢の劉歆(りゅうきん)の暦法の注釈『三統術衍(えん)』を著す。1754年、妻の兄の王鳴盛ほか紀昀(きいん)、王昶(おうちょう)（1725―1806）、朱筠(しゅいん)（1729―1781）らとともに進士に及第、翰林(かんりん)（詔勅の起草や編書などをつかさどる皇帝直属の秘書室）の官を歴任して詹事府(せんじふ)少詹事に至る。その間、皇子に進講し、勅撰(ちょくせん)書の纂修(さんしゅう)にあずかり、郷試(きょうし)の主考官、会試に同考官を務めた。1775年、48歳、広東(カントン)学政の任にいて父の喪にあい帰郷してからは仕えず、紫陽書院などに院長として後進をはぐくみ、名利に淡然として学問に励んだ。その学問は経学、史学、文字音韻、天文数学、地理、金石の諸分野にわたり、該博ゆえに造詣(ぞうけい)深く、清朝考証学における第一人者というべく、その論考はつねに信頼度の高い帰結を導き出している。『元詩紀事』は伝わらないが、『二十二史考異』『潜研堂金石文跋尾(ばつび)』は清朝史学の方法を確立した。『十駕斎(じゅうがさい)養新録』『竹汀日記鈔』は読書考証の箚記(さっき)（筆録）、集は『潜研堂文集』全50巻、『詩集』全20巻。詩人としての名も高い。著述を集刻した『潜研堂全書』がある。

［近藤光男］

『『続人間詩話・銭大昕』（『吉川幸次郎全集1』所収・1968・筑摩書房）』▽『『銭大昕と道蔵』（『吉川幸次郎全集22』所収・1975・筑摩書房）』

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