A regional state system and national sovereignty formed by various territorial states (lands) within the Holy Roman Empire from the late Middle Ages onwards. Some of the approximately 300 German land territories developed into fully-fledged states, such as Prussia and Austria. Although the development process and form of each was varied, they are the most distinctive in the history of German statehood since the Middle Ages. In late medieval Germany, the kingship rapidly declined, and the power of the various princes (Landesher) increased relatively. In particular, the Imperial Charters of 1220 and 1231 granted the princes a large degree of political independence, and they gradually acquired most of the royal prerogatives, forming a Landesherschaft as a collection of various powers. The Golden Bull of 1356 recognized the de facto independence of the Land from the Empire, and each Land promoted centralization and unified power. From this stage onwards, the Landesherschaft was also called the Landeshoheid, but from the end of the Middle Ages until the mid-17th century, it was often restricted by the privileged classes within the state. This situation of fragmentation of power within the land continued until the unification of Germany in the second half of the 19th century. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
中世末期以降,神聖ローマ帝国内で各地の領邦 (ラント) が形成した地方規模の国家制度,国家主権のこと。ドイツの約 300のラントのなかにはプロシアやオーストリアのような完全な国家にまで発展したものもある。おのおのの発展過程,形態はさまざまであったが,中世以降のドイツ国制史上の最も特徴的な存在である。中世末期のドイツでは王権が急速に没落し,相対的に各地の諸侯 (ランデスヘル) の勢力が増大した。とりわけ 1220年と 31年の皇帝特許状によって,諸侯は政治的独立性を大幅に認められ,国王大権のほとんどを次々と獲得し,いわば種々雑多な権力の集合体としてランデスヘルシャフトを形成した。 1356年の金印勅書は,ラントの帝国からの事実上の独立を承認し,各ラントはその中央集権化を推進して権力の単一化をはかった。この段階以降のランデスヘルシャフトはランデスホーハイトとも呼ばれるが,中世末から 17世紀中頃までは,領邦内の特権諸身分によって制限された場合が多かった。このようなラント単位の権力の分裂の状況は,19世紀後半におけるドイツ統一まで続いた。
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