cholera

Japanese: コレラ
cholera
(8) Cholera
Definition/Concept Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which belongs to the O1 or O139 serogroup and produces cholera toxin.
The causative bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, is a Gram-negative bacillus with many serogroups, but the disease known as cholera is caused by serogroups O1 or O139, which produce cholera toxin. The O1 group is divided into two biotypes, classical and El Tor, and further divided into three serotypes, Ogawa, Inaba, and Hikojima, based on antigenic differences (written as Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa, for example). Serogroup O139 Vibrio cholerae is also called Bengal cholera. Infection with Vibrio cholerae other than groups O1 and O139, or with Vibrio cholerae that do not produce cholera toxin, is not diagnosed as cholera.
Classical cholera and El Tor cholera V. cholerae produce cholera toxins specific to their respective biotypes (classical cholera toxin and El Tor cholera toxin). However, since the early 1990s, V. cholerae that are El Tor biotypes but produce classical cholera toxin (called El Tor variants) have been isolated. In Japan, El Tor variants have become the predominant type of V. cholerae isolated from imported cholera cases since 1995 (Morita et al., 2011).
Epidemiological and statistical informationWe are currently in the midst of the seventh epidemic caused by El Tor O1 Vibrio cholerae, which began in Indonesia in 1961. According to statistics from 2006 to 2010, a total of 118 cholera cases were reported in Japan during this period, with 70% being infected overseas and 30% being infected domestically (National Institute of Infectious Diseases Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, 2011). Of the cases of overseas infection, the majority were infected in Asian countries such as India and the Philippines.
Route of infection: Infection occurs orally through food or drink contaminated with cholera bacteria.
Pathophysiology: Cholera toxin (enterotoxin) produced by Vibrio cholerae when it adheres to and grows on intestinal mucosal epithelial cells is thought to be the main cause of this disease. In addition to cholera toxin, Vibrio cholerae also produces various other toxins, such as zonula occludens toxin and accessory cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is composed of one A subunit molecule and five B subunit molecules that adhere to the target cells, the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells. After invading the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, the A subunit activates adenylate cyclase in the cells through various processes, which in turn activates cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. As a result, it is thought that Cl ions are secreted from goblet cells, which inhibits the absorption of Na ions and Cl ions by epithelial cells, causing diarrhea (Shimada et al., 2009). However, there are also theories that suggest other mechanisms. Vibrio cholerae does not invade the intestinal mucosal cells.
Clinical Symptoms The incubation period from infection to the appearance of symptoms is 1 to 3 days. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting, but symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the case. Bloody stools, abdominal pain, and fever are not usually present. Typical cases have rice-water-like diarrhea. In moderate and severe cases, the large amount of diarrhea causes loss of electrolytes and water, including potassium, resulting in dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Severe cases can include convulsions and impaired consciousness. Most imported cholera infections are caused by the El Tor type, and most cases have been mild, but with the increase in El Tor variants, the emergence of severe cases must be considered. Furthermore, patients who have undergone gastrectomy or are taking medication to suppress gastric acid secretion may develop more severe symptoms than those who have not.
Test results: There are no test findings specific to cholera in general blood tests.
Diagnosis It is impossible to make a definitive diagnosis from clinical symptoms alone, but diagnosis is made by detecting O1 or O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteria capable of producing cholera toxin or carrying the cholera toxin gene in the patient's stool or vomit. Tests for cholera toxin production are performed at local public health laboratories.
Fluid therapy is important, and in moderate to severe cases, intravenous fluid infusion is used to treat dehydration. In severe cases, large amounts of fluid are administered. For mild to moderate cases, oral resuscitation (ORS), which is an electrolyte solution with glucose added, is used and is highly effective. Infected patients are given antibiotics. In Japan, the most common antibiotic therapy is oral administration of fluoroquinolone or tetracycline antibiotics for three days (examples of administration to adult patients: levofloxacin 300-500 mg once daily for three days, minocycline 100 mg twice daily for three days, etc.). In patients who have undergone gastrectomy or are taking medication to suppress gastric acid secretion, the disease can become severe and result in death, but in Japan today, the disease generally has a good prognosis. To confirm eradication of cholera, if cholera bacteria are not detected in fecal culture tests performed at least twice consecutively at intervals of 24 hours or more after 48 hours from the end of antibiotic administration, the patient is considered to be free of cholera bacteria.
Prevention: To prevent infection to others, infected individuals are encouraged to wash their hands, and medical personnel should also wash their hands after treating infected individuals. Wear gloves when touching objects that may be contaminated with feces or vomit, and wash your hands after removing the gloves.
For people planning to work in areas where cholera is endemic, an oral inactivated vaccine is available. The oral cholera vaccine is not licensed in Japan, but is available at some facilities at your own expense.
Legal response: Under the "Law on Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients with Infectious Diseases (commonly known as the Infectious Diseases Law)," cholera is designated as a Class 3 infectious disease. Doctors who diagnose a cholera patient or an asymptomatic pathogen carrier must immediately notify a public health center. Furthermore, if a case is diagnosed as food poisoning, a report must be made to a public health center immediately (within 24 hours) in accordance with the provisions of the Food Sanitation Law. [Onishi Kenji]
■ References <br /> National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Information Center: Cholera 2006-2010. Pathogenic Microorganism Detection Information, 32: 95-98, 2011.
Masatomo Morita, Hidemasa Izumiya, et al.: Current epidemic strains of cholera. Pathogenic Microorganism Detection Information, 32: 99, 2011.
Toshio Shimada, Eiji Arakawa: Vibrio cholerae. Foodborne infections and food microorganisms (edited by Toshio Nakanishi and Tsutomu Maruyama), pp225-241, Chuohoki, Tokyo, 2009.

Source : Internal Medicine, 10th Edition About Internal Medicine, 10th Edition Information

Japanese:
(8)コレラ(cholera)
定義・概念
 血清群がO1群あるいはO139群に属し,コレラ毒素(cholera toxin)を産生するコレラ菌(Vibrio cholerae)の腸管感染症である.
原因
 コレラ菌はGram陰性桿菌で多くの血清群があるが,コレラとよぶ疾患を引き起こすのは,そのなかで血清群O1あるいはO139に属し,コレラ毒素を産生する菌である.O1群は古典型とエルトール型の2つの生物型に分けられ,さらに,抗原性の違いによって小川(Ogawa),稲葉(Inaba),彦島(Hikojima)の3血清型に分類される(Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawaなどのように表記).血清群O139コレラ菌はベンガル型コレラ菌ともよばれる.O1群とO139群以外のコレラ菌や,コレラ毒素を産生しないコレラ菌の感染症はコレラとは診断しない.
 古典型コレラ菌とエルトール型コレラ菌はそれぞれの生物型に特異的なコレラ毒素(古典型コレラ毒素とエルトール型コレラ毒素)を産生する.しかし,1990年代前半から生物型はエルトール型であるが,古典型のコレラ毒素を産生するコレラ菌(エルトール変異型といわれる)が分離されるようになった.わが国でもコレラの輸入感染例から分離されるコレラ菌は,1995年以降にはエルトール変異型が主流になっている(森田ら,2011).
疫学・統計的事項
 現在は1961年にインドネシアから始まったエルトール型のO1コレラ菌による第7次流行の中にある.2006年から2010年までの統計によれば,この間に日本で報告されたコレラ患者総数は118人で,70%が海外感染,30%が国内感染である(国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター,2011).海外感染例では,インド,フィリピンなどアジア諸国で感染した患者が多数を占めている.
感染経路
 コレラ菌が混入した飲食物を介して経口的に感染する.
病態生理
 コレラ菌が腸管粘膜上皮細胞に接着し増殖する際に産生するコレラ毒素(エンテロトキシン)が本症の主原因と考えられている.コレラ毒素以外にコレラ菌はzonula occludens toxin,accessory cholera toxinなどのさまざまな種類の毒素も産生する.コレラ毒素は1分子のAサブユニットと標的細胞である腸管粘膜上皮細胞に接着するための5分子のBサブユニットから構成されている.腸管粘膜上皮細胞内に侵入したAサブユニットは種々の過程を経て細胞内のアデニル酸シクラーゼを活性化させ,さらにサイクリックAMP依存性プロテインキナーゼが活性化される.その結果,杯細胞からClイオンが分泌され,上皮細胞のNaイオンとClイオンの吸収も阻害されて下痢をきたすと推測されている(島田ら,2009).しかし,それ以外の機序を推測する考えもある.なお,コレラ菌は腸管の粘膜細胞内へ侵入しない.
臨床症状
 感染してから症状が出現するまでの潜伏期は1〜3日である.水様性下痢と嘔吐が主症状であるが,症状は症例によって軽症から重症までさまざまである.通常,血便や腹痛,発熱は伴わない.典型例では米のとぎ汁様の下痢がみられる.中等症例や重症例では大量の下痢により,カリウムをはじめとした電解質と水の喪失をきたし,脱水および代謝性アシドーシスの状態となる.重症例では痙攣や意識障害がみられる.輸入感染症としてのコレラはエルトール型によるものがほとんどで軽症例が多かったが,エルトール変異型の増加につれ,重症例の出現も考慮する必要がある.さらに,胃切除を受けた患者や胃酸分泌を抑制する薬剤を服用している患者では,そうではない患者に比べて重症化することがある.
検査成績
 一般的な血液検査でコレラに特異的な検査所見はない.
診断
 臨床症状から確定診断することは不可能で,患者の便や吐物からコレラ毒素産生能のある,またはコレラ毒素遺伝子を保有するO1群あるいはO139群コレラ菌を検出することで診断する.コレラ毒素産生に関する検査は各地の衛生研究所で行っている.
治療・予後
 輸液療法が重要で,中等症や重症例では脱水に対し経静脈的輸液を行う.重症例では大量の輸液を行う.軽症や中等症例に対し,電解質液にブドウ糖を加えた経口輸液(ORS)が使用され有用性が高い.感染者には抗菌薬を投与する.抗菌薬療法として,わが国ではフルオロキノロン系抗菌薬やテトラサイクリン系抗菌薬を3日間経口投与する方法が一般的である(成人患者への投与例:レボフロキサシン300~500 mg/回,1日1回,3日間経口投与,ミノサイクリン100 mg/回,1日2回,3日間経口投与など). 胃切除を受けた患者や胃酸分泌を抑制する薬剤を服用している患者では重症化し死亡することがあるが,現在の日本においては一般的に予後良好な疾患である. コレラの除菌確認については,抗菌薬投与終了後48時間以後に24時間以上の間隔で行った糞便の培養検査で,コレラ菌が連続して2回以上検出されなければ,コレラ菌を保有していないとみなされる.
予防
 ほかへの感染を防止する目的で,感染者には手洗いの励行を勧め,医療従事者も感染者診療後は手洗いを励行する.便や吐物で汚染された可能性のある物体に触れる際には手袋を着用し,手袋を脱いだ後に手洗いを行う.
 コレラが流行している地域で活動する予定がある人には,経口の不活化ワクチンを投与する方法もある.経口のコレラワクチンは国内では未認可であるが,いくつかの施設において自費で投与を受けることが可能である.
法的対応
 「感染症の予防及び感染症の患者に対する医療に関する法律(通称:感染症法)」により,コレラは三類感染症に指定されている.コレラの患者あるいは無症候性病原体保有者を診断した医師は直ちに保健所へ届け出を行うこととなっている.また,食中毒と診断した場合には,食品衛生法の規定に従い直ちに(24時間以内に)保健所へ届け出る必要がある.[大西健児]
■文献
国立感染症研究所感染症情報センター:コレラ 2006~2010年.病原微生物検出情報,32: 95-98, 2011.
森田昌知,泉谷秀昌,他:現在のコレラ流行株について.病原微生物検出情報,32: 99, 2011.
島田俊雄,荒川英二:Vibrio cholerae.食品由来感染症と食品微生物(仲西寿男・丸山 務監修),pp225-241, 中央法規,東京,2009.

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