An oscillator in which a quartz crystal resonator determines the stable frequency. The frequency range is from a few kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. Depending on whether the emitter, collector, or base of the transistor is grounded, it is called a Pierce circuit, a Colpitts circuit, or a Clapp circuit, respectively. When an electric shock such as switching or noise excites the resonator through the piezoelectric effect, the seed vibration becomes an electric signal and is amplified by the positive feedback circuit. This process is repeated, and the oscillation grows until the loop gain reaches 1, at which point it enters a constant amplitude oscillation state. Here, the resonator behaves as an inductive element, and determines the oscillation frequency in equilibrium with C L (capacitance), which has a negative resistance equivalent to the oscillation circuit. In the case of high-frequency overtone (harmonic) oscillation or when unexpected oscillation occurs, the collector circuit must be replaced with a tuned circuit of the required frequency. The oscillation frequency is slightly higher than that of the resonator. This type of oscillator is called a parallel resonance type or a positive reactance type, and is distinguished from a series resonance type that oscillates at the series resonance point of the resonator. The latter is often used in overtone oscillators. Causes of frequency fluctuation in a crystal oscillator include the frequency temperature characteristics of the oscillator, environmental changes such as voltage changes and mechanical shock, aging of the oscillator and circuit elements, circuit noise, etc., and different countermeasures are required for each. When the frequency deviation of the oscillation frequency is expressed in the form of 10 -n , this overall figure is about 10 -4 to 10 -5 for ordinary packaged oscillators, 10 -6 to 10 -7 for those with a temperature compensation circuit, and 10 -7 to 10 -11 for thermostatic oven types. Variations in crystal oscillators include voltage-controlled types that change the oscillation frequency with a signal voltage, and gate oscillators for digital circuits that use logic gates. [Masayoshi Ariga] ©Shogakukan "> Crystal oscillator circuit example (oscillating circuit) : Capacitance : Resistance : Load : Equivalent resistance of the crystal : Equivalent inductance of the crystal The behavior of the oscillator (1) is shown in an electric circuit (2). When (2) is placed in an oscillator circuit (see separate diagram), it effectively behaves as (3). (3) changes depending on the shape of the oscillator circuit. ©Shogakukan "> Behavior of a quartz crystal unit (equivalent circuit) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水晶振動子が安定な周波数の決定要素である発振器。周波数範囲は数キロヘルツから100メガヘルツの桁(けた)に及ぶ。トランジスタのエミッタ、コレクタ、ベースのどれを接地するかで、それぞれピアース回路、コルピッツ回路、クラップ回路とよばれる。スイッチングとか雑音などの電気ショックが圧電効果を経て振動子を励振すると、逆にこのたね振動は電気信号となって正帰還回路で増幅され、この繰り返しで振動は成長し、ループ利得が1になったところで、定振幅発振状態になる。ここで振動子は誘導性素子としてふるまい、発振回路に等価な負抵抗を伴うCL(キャパシタンス)と平衡して発振周波数を決める。高い周波数のオーバートーン(倍調波)発振の場合とか、予期しない発振がおこる場合には、コレクタ回路を所要周波数の同調回路にかえなくてはならない。発振周波数は振動子のそれよりわずかに高い。このような発振器の形式を並列共振型、または正リアクタンス型とよんで、振動子の直列共振点で発振する直列共振型と区別する。後者はオーバートーン発振器によく用いられる。 水晶発振器の周波数変動の原因には、振動子の周波数温度特性、電圧変化や機械衝撃などの環境変化、振動子と回路素子の老化、回路雑音などがあって、それぞれ異なる対策が必要となる。発振周波数分の周波数偏差を10-nの形で表したとき、総合的なこの数値は普通のパッケージ発振器で10-4~10-5、温度補償回路付きで10-6~10-7、恒温槽型で10-7~10-11の程度である。 水晶発振器の変り種には、信号電圧で発振周波数を変化させる電圧制御型とか、論理ゲートを使用したデジタル回路用のゲート発振器などがある。 [有賀正直] ©Shogakukan"> 水晶発振器の回路例(発振回路) :キャパシタンス:抵抗:負荷:クリスタルの等価抵抗:クリスタルの等価インダクタンス振動子(1)のふるまいを電気回路で示したものが(2)である。(2)は発振回路(別図)に置かれると、実効的に(3)の姿で動作する。発振回路の形しだいで(3)は変わる©Shogakukan"> 水晶振動子のふるまい(等価回路) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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