Toothache

Japanese: 歯痛 - しつう
Toothache

Toothache is a general term for pain caused by diseases of the dental pulp inside the tooth and the periodontal tissues that hold the tooth in place.

The first pain caused by the dental pulp is dental caries (tooth decay). If dental caries is left untreated, the tooth will gradually break down, causing inflammation of the dental pulp tissue and pain, or food will be bitten into the cavity, irritating the dental pulp and causing pain and soreness. When dental enamel is lost due to dental caries and the dentin is exposed, various stimuli are applied to the dental pulp through the dentin, causing pain in the dental pulp. Stimuli applied to the dentin include the temperature difference caused by putting cold or hot water in the mouth, the stimulation caused by grinding the teeth, and the stimulation caused by chocolate and other sweets. In addition, similar stimuli can cause pain when the gums recede and the root is exposed. When inflammation (pulpitis) occurs in the dental pulp, the dental pulp, which receives blood circulation only from small holes near the tip of the root, is prone to circulatory disorders such as congestion, congestion, and cessation of blood flow, and often eventually leads to necrosis of the dental pulp. At this stage, the chances of recovery to normal are extremely low. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly remove the affected dental pulp through surgery to relieve pain and prevent the inflammation from spreading to the periodontal tissue.

Pain originating from periodontal tissues can be classified as apical, which occurs secondary to pulpitis, or marginal, which is caused by periodontal disease (pyorrhea). The former is more frequent and the pain more intense than the latter. Pyorrhea leaves the inflamed surface open to the mouth and often progresses chronically, so it rarely presents with acute symptoms or causes severe pain.

Pain caused by the dental pulp often appears or worsens when cold water, hot water, sweeteners, etc. are put into the mouth, but pain caused by the periodontal tissue does not appear due to temperature changes in food and drink put in the mouth, or chemical acids, sweetness, etc. Pain caused by periodontal tissue appears or worsens when external forces are applied, such as touching the tooth or applying occlusion force. Therefore, it is not difficult to distinguish between pain caused by the dental pulp and pain caused by periodontal tissue. It does not take long for tooth pain to disappear if appropriate treatment is given for each condition, such as pulpectomy to remove the dental pulp for pulpitis, root canal treatment to clean and disinfect the root canal inside the tooth for apical periodontitis, and adjusting the bite of the teeth and fixing loose teeth for pyorrhea.

[Hideaki Yoshino]

[Reference] | Periodontal disease | Tooth decay

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

歯の中の歯髄と歯を保持している歯周組織の疾患が原因となっておこる痛みを総括して歯痛という。

 歯髄に由来する痛みとして、まず、う蝕(しょく)(むし歯)がある。むし歯を放置すると、歯の崩壊が徐々に進み、歯髄組織に炎症がおこって痛んだり、むし歯の欠損部に食物がかみ込まれて歯髄が刺激され、しみたり痛んだりする。また、むし歯によってエナメル質がなくなり象牙(ぞうげ)質が露出すると、象牙質を介してさまざまな刺激が歯髄に加えられ、歯髄の痛みが生じてくる。象牙質に加わる刺激としては、冷水あるいは温水等を口に入れたときの温度差、歯を削るときの刺激、チョコレートその他の甘いものによる刺激などがある。なお、歯肉が退縮して、歯根が露出した場合にも、同じような刺激によって痛みを生じることがある。歯髄に炎症(歯髄炎)が生じると、歯根の先端付近にある小孔からのみ循環を受けている歯髄は、充血→うっ血→血行停止という循環障害をおこしやすく、やがては歯髄壊死(えし)に至ることも多い。このような段階になると正常な状態に回復する可能性は非常に少なくなる。したがって、歯髄炎を生じた歯髄は摘出手術によって早く痛みを取り除き、かつ炎症が歯周組織に広がるのを防ぐ必要がある。

 歯周組織に由来する痛みは、歯髄炎に継発して生じる根尖(こんせん)性のものと、歯周病(歯槽膿漏(のうろう))による辺縁性のものとがある。その発現頻度、および痛みの強さは、いずれも後者よりも前者のほうが大きい。歯槽膿漏は、炎症面が口の中に開放された状態となっており、慢性に経過することが多いため、急性症状を呈し、強い痛みを生じることは少ない。

 歯髄に原因のある痛みは、口の中に冷水、温水、甘味料等を入れたときに発現または増強することが多いが、歯周組織に原因のある痛みは、口の中に入れる飲食物の温度変化、あるいは化学的な酸、甘味等で発現することはない。歯周組織による痛みは、歯に触れる、咬合(こうごう)力が加わる等の外力が働いたときに発現あるいは増強がみられる。したがって、歯髄による痛みと歯周組織による痛みとを鑑別することはむずかしいことではない。歯髄炎では歯髄を除去する抜髄法を、根尖性歯周炎では歯の中にある根管を清掃・消毒する根管治療法を、歯槽膿漏では歯のかみ合せの調整、動揺している歯の固定などというように、それぞれに対応した適切な処置を施せば、歯の痛みを消退させるのにさほどの時間はかからない。

[吉野英明]

[参照項目] | 歯周疾患 | むし歯

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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