Ambedkar - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Japanese: アンベードカル - あんべーどかる(英語表記)Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Ambedkar - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Indian social reform activist and politician. He was a descendant of the Mahars, a major caste in the western Deccan region that was once considered untouchable. After graduating from a university in Bombay (now Mumbai), he studied in the United States and the United Kingdom. From around 1920, he devoted himself to the movement to abolish untouchability. He organized social reform groups and political parties, and led mass demonstrations. He criticized the nationalist movement led by Gandhi's Congress Party, from the standpoint of prioritizing social reform over the achievement of independence. He attended the British-Indian Round Table Conference from 1930 to 1932 as a representative of the oppressed classes. After Indian independence, he became the Minister of Law in the first Nehru cabinet. He also played a central role in the formulation of the Republic Constitution as chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee. During this time, he also worked hard to improve education for the lower classes, and founded many educational institutions and facilities, including Siddhartha College. Although he declared his intention to abandon Hinduism, which endorsed the untouchability system, in 1935 he converted to Buddhism along with hundreds of thousands of others in October 1956, two months before his death. Ambedkar's Buddhism rejects the caste system and emphasizes contribution to society, and is sometimes called Neo-Buddhism to distinguish it from traditional Buddhism, but converts simply refer to themselves as "Buddhists." The majority of Buddhists in India are Neo-Buddhists.

[Genichi Yamazaki November 18, 2016]

"Three Indians: Gandhi, Nehru, Ambedkar" by Ara Matsuo (1972, Hakujusha)""The Ambedkar Story" edited by Anant Pai, written by S.S. Reege, translated by Murakoshi Sueo (1985, Kaiho Publishing)""Indian Society and New Buddhism: The Person and Thought of Ambedkar" by Yamazaki Genichi (1988, Tosui Shobo)"India: Liberation Thought and Literature (5) The Eradication of Caste" translated by Yamazaki Genichi and Yoshimura Reiko (1994, Akashi Shoten)""The Life of Ambedkar" new edition by Dhananjay Keel, translated by Yamagiwa Motoo (1995, San-ichi Shobo)" ▽ "The Rebirth of Religion in Asia" edited by Tanabe Shigeharu (1995, Kyoto University Press)

[References] | British-Indian Round Table Conference | Caste | Nehru | Untouchables

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの社会改革運動家、政治家。デカン西部の大カーストで、かつて不可触民カーストの一つとされていた「マハール」の出身。ボンベイ(現、ムンバイ)の大学を卒業したあとアメリカ、イギリスに留学。1920年ごろから不可触民制撤廃運動に献身。社会改革団体や政党を組織し、大衆示威運動を指導した。独立達成よりも社会改革を優先させるという立場から、ガンディーの指導する国民会議派の民族運動を批判。1930~1932年のイギリス・インド円卓会議に、被抑圧階級の代表として出席した。インド独立後は初代ネルー内閣の法相となる。また、憲法起草委員会の委員長として共和国憲法の制定に中心的な役割を果たした。この間、下層民の教育向上にも尽力し、シッダールタ・カレッジをはじめ数多くの教育機関、教育施設を創設した。なお、不可触民制を是認するヒンドゥー教を棄(す)てる決意を1935年に表明していたが、死の2か月前の1956年10月に数十万の大衆とともに仏教へ改宗した。アンベードカルの仏教はカースト制度を否定し、社会貢献を強調しており、従来の仏教と区別して新仏教(ネオ・ブッディズム)とよばれることがあるが、改宗者は自らを単に「仏教徒」と称する。インドの仏教徒の大部分は新仏教徒である。

[山崎元一 2016年11月18日]

『荒松雄著『三人のインド人――ガンジー、ネール、アンベドカル』(1972・柏樹社)』『アナント・パイ編、S・S・リージ作、村越末男訳『アンベードカル物語』(1985・解放出版社)』『山崎元一著『インド社会と新仏教――アンベードカルの人と思想』(1988・刀水書房)』『山崎元一・吉村玲子訳『インド――解放の思想と文学(5) カーストの絶滅』(1994・明石書店)』『ダナンジャイ・キール著、山際素男訳『アンベードカルの生涯』新版(1995・三一書房)』『田辺繁治編著『アジアにおける宗教の再生』(1995・京都大学学術出版会)』

[参照項目] | イギリス・インド円卓会議 | カースト | ネルー | 不可触民

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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