Gaochang

Japanese: 高昌 - こうしょう
Gaochang

An oasis state that flourished in the Turfan Basin in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. There was a Han kingdom of five dynasties (442-640) from the Qu to the Qi clan, and a kingdom ruled by Uighurs (Western Uighur Kingdom, 9th-13th century). The former maintained its state under nomadic forces such as the Turks, but Han settlers took control of the kingdom, and introduced Chinese systems into the core of its political and social systems, forming a unique cultural sphere in which Han culture and Iranian culture were mixed. Kara-Khojo is the site of the capital city at that time. The ancient tombs in Astana and other places were also the burial grounds of Han officials at that time, and a large number of Chinese documents and epitaphs have been excavated from them. The latter was founded by the remnants of the nomadic Uighur Empire after its collapse, and is also known as the Gaochang Uighur or Arslan Uighur. It marked the beginning of the settlement of Turks in Central Asia. The highly advanced culture can be seen in the Buddhist art of the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves.

[Shirasawa Jōshin]

"The Establishment of Turkestan" by Nobuo Yamada (included in "Iwanami Lecture Series on World History 6: Ancient History 6", 1971, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Astana | Kara Hojo
Kala Hojo (Gaochang Ancient City)
The site of the capital of the Gaochang Kingdom. It is a square with sides of 1,500 to 1,600 meters, and is made up of an outer city, an inner city, and a palace. China Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ©Shogakukan ">

Kala Hojo (Gaochang Ancient City)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、新疆(しんきょう/シンチヤン)ウイグル自治区、トゥルファン盆地に栄えたオアシス国家。且渠(そきょ)氏より麹(きく)氏に至る5王朝の漢人王国(442~640)と、ウイグル人が支配者であった王国(西ウイグル国、9~13世紀)とがある。前者は突厥(とっけつ)などの遊牧勢力下に国を維持しつつも入植漢人がこの王国の指導権を握り、政治、社会諸制度の基幹に中国のそれを導入して漢文化とイラン風文化などが混有する特異な文化圏を形成した。カラ・ホージョは当時の都城址(し)。アスターナなどの古墳群も当時の漢人官僚の墓区で、そこからは大量の漢文文書、墓誌を出土している。後者は遊牧ウイグル帝国の崩壊後その遺民が建国したもので、高昌回鶻(こうしょうウイグル)、阿厮蘭回鶻(アルスランウイグル)などともよばれ、トルコ人が中央アジアに定着化する端緒を開いた。ベゼクリク千仏洞の仏教芸術などに高度な文化がうかがえる。

[白須浄眞]

『山田信夫著「トルキスタンの成立」(『岩波講座 世界歴史6 古代6』所収・1971・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | アスターナ | カラ・ホージョ
カラ・ホージョ(高昌故城)
高昌国の都城址。1辺1500~1600mの方形で、城壁をもち、外城、内城、宮殿からなっている。中国 新疆ウイグル自治区©Shogakukan">

カラ・ホージョ(高昌故城)


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