In esoteric Buddhism, a secret word that expresses the original vow (original wish to save people) of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas is called mitsuji, a secret mantra. It is also called shu or shinshu. A relatively short mantra is called a mantra, and a long mantra is called a dharani. It is interpreted as a combination of the verb man, meaning to think, and tora, meaning vessel, so the original meaning is the vessel of thought. It is also interpreted as a combination of man, meaning to think, and tora, meaning to protect or save, and as saving those who think about it. In the ancient Indian holy text, the Atharva Veda, mantra refers to various magical words, many of which were accompanied by incantations. Esoteric Buddhism adopted this word, and mantra came to be used as a term for the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and came to mean true words. Based on the types of deities that preach mantras, they are classified into (1) Tathagata theory, (2) Bodhisattva Vajra theory, (3) Nijo (Shravaka-yana, Pratyekabuddha-yana) theory, (4) various heavenly beings theory, and (5) Jigoten theory. (1), (2), and (3) are called mantras of saints, (4) is called mantras of the heavenly beings, and (5) is called mantras of the Jigoten. Furthermore, (4) and (5) are collectively called mantras of various gods. Mantras often begin with om (on) or namas (namu), which express devotion, and end with svāhā (sowaka), which means auspicious. [Yukatsu Miyasaka] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
密教における仏菩薩(ぶつぼさつ)などの本誓(ほんぜい)(人々を救済しようとするもとの願い)を表す秘密語、密呪(みつじゅ)。サンスクリット語のマントラmantraの訳。呪(しゅ)、神呪(しんしゅ)などとも。比較的短い呪を真言、長い呪を陀羅尼(だらに)という。思念する意のマンという動詞に、器を意味するトラが結成したと解されるので、思念の器を原義とする。また、思念する意のマンと、守護するまたは救済する意のトラーとの合成とみて、思念する者を救済すると解される。マントラは古代インドの聖典『アタルバ・ベーダ』などでは種々の呪的な言詞をさし、その多くは呪術を伴うものであった。 密教はこの語を取り入れて、真言は諸仏菩薩などのことばとして用いられ、真実な語を意味するようになった。真言を説く諸尊の種別から、(1)如来(にょらい)説、(2)菩薩金剛(こんごう)説、(3)二乗(声聞(しょうもん)乗、縁覚(えんがく)乗)説、(4)諸天説、(5)地居天(じごてん)説に分類する。(1)(2)(3)は聖者の真言、(4)は諸天衆の真言、(5)は地居天衆の真言という。また、(4)(5)をまとめて諸神の真言ともいう。真言の頭初には帰依(きえ)を表すオームom(唵(おん))またはナマスnamas(南無)を冠し、末尾には吉祥(きっしょう)を意味するスバーハsvāhā(蘇婆訶(そわか))の語を用いる場合が多い。 [宮坂宥勝] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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