Crew - Sailor

Japanese: 船員 - せんいん
Crew - Sailor

Crew members of a ship. Depending on the type of ship they serve on, they can be classified as merchant sailors, fishing boat crew members, or harbor crew members. This article focuses mainly on merchant sailors.

The Seamen's Law (Law No. 100, 1947) distinguishes between captains and other seamen. Merchant seamen are divided into ocean-going seamen, coastal seamen, and domestic seamen, but most of them are employed seamen. With the captain at the top, they are productive workers who provide maritime operations by combining a wide variety of duties under four occupations, two major ranks, and several job titles. In the deck department, the captain, navigators, and deckhands control the ship's course and store the cargo, in the engine department, the chief engineer, engineers, and engine crew generate power and maintain the equipment, in the radio department, the chief radio operator sends and receives information, and in the office, the same personnel are responsible for cooking and serving.

In the 1950s, the number of crew members on large ocean-going ships was about 50 people, but then, despite the increase in ship size, due to the automation of ships, the introduction of container ships, and the "rationalization" of crew numbers, this number fell to about 30 people by the end of the 1960s, and to 25 or 26 people by the end of the 1970s. Furthermore, in the 1980s, the "modernization of the crew system" was implemented, and new job titles such as navigators and marine engineers were gradually introduced, who combined the daily operation and maintenance duties of the deck, engine, and radio departments and turned the department staff into employees, and the number of crew members is now approaching a dozen or so people.

The unique characteristics of seafarers' work on ocean-going ships are, firstly, that because the ship is sailing on the ocean, shipowners have difficulty managing the crew, so they establish military-like ranks and discipline to govern the crew, and the state exercises its own supervision and administration, mainly through the Seafarers Act. Secondly, because the mission of ensuring the safety of human lives, cargo, and the ship must be self-contained by a limited crew in dangerous oceans, seafarers are required to accumulate a wide variety of knowledge and skills, and are forced to work irregular shifts, work long periods of continuous work, and perform dangerous tasks. Thirdly, although seafarers can visit foreign ports, their lives are significantly distorted because they are away from home and society for long periods of time. To remove this distortion, they need to disembark and enjoy leisure time, which also incurs extra costs.

Since the 1970s, the number of Japanese seafarers has decreased from 200,000 in 1985, to 150,000 in 1990, to 120,000 in 1997, and to 90,000 in 2005. The number of seafarers on ocean-going vessels has decreased significantly, from 30,130 to 10,084, 7,184, and 4,563. Instead, Japanese shipowners have started to employ foreigners on domestic and overseas merchant and fishing vessels, and by 2008 at least 50,000 foreign seafarers were employed. Of these, 70% are Filipinos, followed by Chinese at 6%, Indians at 5%, Burmese at 3%, and Koreans at 3%, representing a total of 44 nationalities.

After the Second World War, merchant seafarers were generally continuously employed by a particular shipping company. In the 1980s, as Japanese ships were made to fly under flags of convenience, the prewar common pattern of constant change in employer became increasingly common. Seafarers of major shipping and fishing companies are organized into the All Japan Seamen's Union (abbreviated as "Seamen"), Japan's only industrial organization, and their wages and working conditions are determined by labor agreements with five shipowner organizations (employer organizations).

[Yoichi Shinohara]

"Course Guide for Seafarers" edited by Wataru Watanabe (1986, Seizando Shoten) " "Modern Shipping and Seafarers" edited by the Seafarers Issues Research Group (1987, Seizando Shoten)

[Reference items] | Fishing boat | Sailor education | Captain | All Japan Seamen's Union | Flag of convenience ship
Examples of crew job titles and onboard organization
©Shogakukan ">

Examples of crew job titles and onboard organization


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

船舶の乗組員。乗り組む船舶の種類により、商船船員、漁船船員、港湾船員に分かれる。ここでは主として商船船員について述べる。

 船員法(昭和22年法律100号)は船長とその他海員を区別している。商船船員は外航船員、近海船員、内航船員に分かれるが、そのほとんどは雇われ船員である。船長を頂点にして、四つの職種と二つの大きな職階、そしていくつかの職位のもとで、多種多様な職務を組み合わせながら、海運用役を提供する生産的労働者である。甲板部は船長、航海士および甲板員が針路の制御や貨物の保管、機関部は機関長、機関士および機関員が動力の発生や設備の保全、無線部は通信長(通信士)が情報の送受信、事務部は同部員が調理、サービスの職務を行っている。

 大型外航船の乗組員数は1950年代約50人であったが、その後、船舶の大型化にもかかわらず、船舶の自動化、コンテナ船の導入、そして定員「合理化」により、1960年代末には約30人、1970年代末には25、6人となった。さらに1980年代に入ると「船員制度の近代化」が実施され、甲板部、機関部、無線部における日常の運航・整備職務を兼務させ、かつ部員の職員化を図った運航士と船舶技士という新しい職種が、逐次、取り入れられ、乗組員数も十数人となりつつある。

 外航船における船員労働の特殊性は、第一に、船舶が海洋を航行するため、船舶所有者は船員管理に困難を伴うので、軍隊的な階級や規律を定めて船員を統轄し、また国は船員法を中心に独自の監督行政を行っている。第二に、船員は、人命、貨物、船舶の安全を確保するという使命を、危険な海洋において限られた乗組員によって自己完結的に果たさなければならないので、多種多様な知識・技能とその蓄積が求められ、それとともに変則交代制や長期連続勤務、危険作業を余儀なくされている。第三に、船員は、外国港を訪れることはできるが、長期間、家庭や社会から離れるため、その生活は著しくゆがめられる。そのゆがみを取り除くには、下船して余暇生活を送る必要があるし、また余分の費用がかかる。

 1970年代以降の日本船の便宜置籍船(べんぎちせきせん)化や漁業の国際規制、省力化技術の進展のもとで、日本人の船員の数は、1985年(昭和60)20万人、1990年(平成2)15万人、1997年12万人と減少し、2005年には9万人となった。そのなかでも、外航船員の減少は3万0130人、1万0084人、7184人、4563人と著しい。それにかわって、日本船主は国内外の商船や漁船に外国人を雇用するようになり、2008年には少なくとも5万人の外国人船員が雇用されるまでになっている。そのうち、フィリピン人が70%と多数を占め、ついで中国人6%、インド人5%、ミャンマー人3%、韓国人3%となっており、その国籍は44か国に及ぶ。

 商船船員は、第二次世界大戦後、おおむね特定の海運企業に継続雇用されてきた。1980年代になると、日本船の便宜置籍船化に伴い、戦前一般的であった雇われ先がいつも変わる断絶雇用もかなりみられる。主要な海運会社や漁業会社の船員は、日本で唯一の産業別組織である全日本海員組合(略称、海員)に組織されており、五つの船主団体(雇用者団体)との労働協約などによって、その賃金労働条件が決定されている。

[篠原陽一]

『渡辺亘編著『船員へのコースガイド』(1986・成山堂書店)』『船員問題研究会編著『現代の海運と船員』(1987・成山堂書店)』

[参照項目] | 漁船 | 船員教育 | 船長 | 全日本海員組合 | 便宜置籍船
船員の職名と船内組織の例
©Shogakukan">

船員の職名と船内組織の例


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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