German animal embryologist. Born in Stuttgart, he studied embryology under Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) at the University of Würzburg. He served as professor at the University of Rostock, director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (now the Max Planck Institute), and professor at the University of Freiburg. He performed ingenious and precise defect and transplant experiments using amphibian embryos, such as ligation experiments (in which the embryos are tied with hair or thread to suppress mutual influences such as the transfer of substances between the two sides) and glass microsurgical instruments that he invented and created himself, and clarified many facts about the mechanism of development. His series of results that led to conclusions that never leave any doubt, such as his ligation experiment on early amphibian embryos that denied Weismann's germ plasm theory and his experiment that showed the interrelationship between the optic cup and the lens of frog embryos, demonstrate his extraordinary qualities, but it was his discovery of organizers that made his name immortal. With the help of Mangold's wife, Hilde Mangold (1898-1924), he transplanted the dorsal lip of the blastopore into what would normally become the skin of the torso of another embryo, and caused a secondary embryo to form there. In this way, he demonstrated that animal embryos are organized by organizer bodies with orderly morphology and function. Along with these achievements, it should not be forgotten that he produced many outstanding embryologists under his tutelage, setting the course for embryology in the 20th century. In 1935, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the inductive action in embryonic development." [Shigeo Takeuchi] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの動物発生学者。シュトゥットガルトで生まれ、ウュルツブルク大学のボベリTheodor Boveri(1862―1915)の下で発生学を学んだ。ロストック大学教授、カイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所(現、マックス・プランク研究所)部長、フライブルク大学教授を歴任した。両生類の胚(はい)を用い、結紮実験(けっさつじっけん)(毛や糸で縛り、その両側の物質移動など相互の影響を抑圧する実験)、あるいは自ら考案製作したガラス製微細外科手術器具を用い、巧妙かつ精密な欠損実験、移植実験を行い、発生の仕組みに関する数々の事実を明らかにした。ワイスマンの生殖質理論を否定した両生類初期胚の結紮実験、カエル胚の眼杯と水晶体の相互関係を示す実験など、けっして疑点を残さない結論に至る一連の諸結果は並はずれた彼の資質を示すものであるが、とりわけその名を不朽にしたのは形成体の発見である。マンゴールド夫人Hilde Mangold(1898―1924)の協力の下に、原口背唇部を他の胚の本来は胴の皮膚になる部分に移植し、ここに二次胚を形成させた。こうして、動物の胚は、形成体により秩序ある形態と機能をもった体に編成されることを明らかにした。これらの業績とともに忘れてならないのは、その門下から優れた発生学者を輩出させ、20世紀の発生学を方向づけたことである。1935年に「胚の発生における誘導作用の発見」によりノーベル医学生理学賞を受賞した。 [竹内重夫] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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