Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

Japanese: ダランベール - だらんべーる(英語表記)Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Born in Paris as an illegitimate child, he was abandoned on the steps of a small chapel near Notre Dame Cathedral and was raised by a poor glazier. His biological father, Chevalier Destouches (1668-1726), is said to have secretly paid for his upbringing.

He studied at a prestigious school in Paris and was interested in mathematics from a young age. When he had just turned 22, he published a treatise on integral calculus, which made his name known in the academic world. This prompted him to continue his research, publishing numerous papers, and in 1742, at the young age of 25, he was elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The following year, in 1743, he published Discourse on Mechanics, which includes D'Alembert's principle. This principle transformed problems of "motion" into problems of "balance," making it possible to treat problems of "dynamics" as problems of "statics."

Another example is the elucidation of the physical phenomenon of "string vibration" through partial differential equations.

In this solution, the term "arbitrary functions" is used. He ended up in a debate with Euler about this "arbitrary function," but this debate was an important one, as it produced a legacy for 19th century analysis.

In his study of algebraic equations, he showed that n-th degree equations have n roots, but he did not realize the need for a root existence theorem.

In astronomy, he is well known for his research on "precession" and "nutation" of the earth's axis. He also worked on the "three-body problem" that deals with the movements of three celestial bodies (the sun, the earth, and the moon), but passed away at the age of 66, leaving the solution to his successors.

D'Alembert also worked with Diderot on the editing of the Encyclopedia Encyclopedia, for which he was responsible for the mathematics section, and wrote the preface to the encyclopedia, which is famous for its wide-ranging content and for its beautiful writing.

[Ken Kobori]

[References] | Euler | D'Alembert's principle | Diderot | Encyclopedia | Introduction to the Encyclopedia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの数学者、物理学者、哲学者。私生児としてパリに生まれ、ノートル・ダム寺院の傍らの小寺院の階段に捨てられ、貧しいガラス屋に拾われて育てられた。養育費は実父デトゥシュChevalier Destouches(1668―1726)がひそかに届けていたと伝えられる。

 パリの名門校に学び、若いときから数学に関心をもっていた。22歳になったばかりのとき、「積分法に関する論文」を公表して、学界にその名をとどろかせた。これをきっかけとして研究を進め、数々の論文を発表、1742年に、25歳の若さでパリ科学アカデミーの会員に選ばれた。翌1743年に『力学論』を公刊したが、このなかに「ダランベールの原理」が出ている。この原理によって、「運動」の問題が「つり合い」の問題へ変えられて、「動力学」の問題が「静力学」の問題として取り扱うことができるようになったのである。

 もう一つ、「絃(げん)の振動」という物理現象の解明を、偏微分方程式

の解法へ転化して解いたものがある。この解法において、「任意の関数」ということばを用いている。この「任意の関数」についてオイラーと論争することになったが、この論争が19世紀の解析学へ遺産となるものを生んだことから考えると、重要な論争であった。

 代数方程式の研究において、n次方程式がn個の根をもつことを示しているが、根の存在定理の必要には気づいていなかった。

 天文学においても、「歳差」の研究、地軸の「章動」の研究が著名である。また、三つの天体(太陽・地球・月)の運動を対象とした「三体問題」と取り組んでいたが、解決を後人に託したまま、66歳で永眠した。

 なお、ダランベールはディドロと共同して『アンシクロペディ』(『百科全書』)を編集して、数学の項目を担当した。さらに、この事典の序文を書いたが、その内容は広範な分野にまたがっていることに加えて、名文であることで有名である。

[小堀 憲]

[参照項目] | オイラー | ダランベールの原理 | ディドロ | 百科全書 | 百科全書序論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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