The filling inside manju and mochi (rice cakes) is called anko (bean paste). The ingredients for the anko filling include beans such as adzuki beans, white beans, green peas, and cowpeas, as well as potatoes, sweet potatoes, chestnuts, and lily roots (which are high in starch). Sugar is the main seasoning, but brown sugar or starch syrup can be added depending on the purpose. Also, when sugar was expensive, it was sometimes made into salted anko (bean paste). Originally, anko meant "miscellaneous flavors put inside," but at some point, the result of boiling these ingredients, adding sugar, and kneading the mixture came to be called anko or "anko." Therefore, even when it is wrapped around something, such as anko mochi, it is still called anko (bean paste). It can be said that the term kuzu-dama (kuzu balls) made by adding sake, soy sauce, sugar, etc. to kuzu starch came to be called kuzu-an (kuzu paste) after this custom was adopted. It is said that bean paste first came to be used in Japan in 1350 (Shohei 5, Kan'o 1) during the Northern and Southern Courts period, when Lin Jōin, originally from Zhejiang Province in China, visited Japan and presented manju to Emperor Go-Murakami. However, the Engishiki, a book that records the annual ceremonies and systems of the Imperial Court in the early Heian period, lists danki as a type of Chinese confectionery. These were pouch-shaped lucky bags made from a dough made of kneaded wheat flour, stuffed with cinnamon bark seasoned with roasted kudzu and several kinds of nuts, and deep-fried in sesame oil. It was a far cry from today's bean paste, but if we consider Chinese mooncakes, the filling of danki was the very prototype of bean paste. Types of bean paste include Koshian and Oguraan (tsubuan) made from azuki beans, Shiroan made from white azuki beans and white kidney beans, Uguisuan from green peas, Imoan, Azuki bean paste with sesame added, Lily bean paste, Chestnut bean paste, Kuzu bean paste, etc. Also, Shiroan paste is used as a base to make Benian by adding food coloring, Hikicha (ground tea) is added to make Hikichaan, and there are also Yuzu and Miso bean pastes. Chestnut bean paste is made by adding candied chestnuts to Shiroan paste, and bean paste made purely from chestnuts. The ingredients of kudzu paste are kudzu starch, potato starch, and bracken starch, and it is used in thickened dishes with noodles, vegetables, fish, and meat, as well as in the sauce for grilled dumplings. A special application is kneaded bean paste. The intricate techniques unique to Japanese sweets, in which kneaded ingredients are shaped with spatulas and scissors into flowers and nuts, require the paste to have a strong texture. For this reason, mountain yam and sugar are added to raw white bean paste, and it is kneaded repeatedly without boiling, to create a moist texture and firmness. To make strained bean paste, add four times the amount of water to thoroughly washed azuki beans and heat on high. When it boils, reduce the heat to medium, add water and bring to a boil again. Once it boils twice, remove the beans from a colander and pour plenty of water over them to remove the astringent residue. After draining, add the same amount of water as before and bring to a boil, then reduce the heat and simmer. When the beans can be crushed with your fingertips, transfer them all to a large container half filled with water. Place the colander in another container, scoop out the azuki beans, and crush them well while pouring water over them. Only the skins of the azuki beans will remain in the colander, and the raw bean paste will fall into the container below. Sieve this raw bean paste and strain again while adding water. The strained raw bean paste will settle to the bottom of the container, so gently pour off the top water. After repeating the sieving process two or three times, the beans are placed in a cloth bag and squeezed hard to remove the moisture, resulting in the perfect raw bean paste. For every kilogram of azuki beans, about 1.5 kilograms of raw bean paste will be produced. Sugar (three-quarters the amount of raw bean paste) and water are added to the raw bean paste, which is then heated to remove the scum, and the mixture is thoroughly kneaded to produce Koshian. In the case of red bean paste, once the azuki beans are cooked, they are transferred to a colander lined with a dish towel and allowed to drain naturally. After this, sugar and water are added and the mixture is stirred until just before boiling, being careful not to crush the beans. Remove from the heat and leave overnight, then transfer just the azuki beans to another container and reduce the syrup remaining in the pot until it becomes stringy, being careful not to burn, then add the azuki beans and continue to simmer gently. Use high-quality azuki beans. If the astringent removal step is not performed during the raw bean paste making process, the raw bean paste can be made without removing the astringent. In this case, the deep aroma of the azuki beans remains and the bean paste is characterized by its deep red bean color. [Fumio Sawa] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
まんじゅうや餅(もち)の中に詰める物を餡という。詰め物にする餡の原料には、アズキ、白インゲン、青エンドウ、ササゲなどの豆類のほか、ジャガイモ、サツマイモ、クリ、ユリ根など(デンプン質の多いもの)が用いられる。調味には主として砂糖が使われるが、用途により黒糖や水飴(みずあめ)を加える。また砂糖が高価な時代には、塩餡に仕立てることもあった。餡は本来「中に入れる雑味」のことだが、いつしか、これらの材料を煮て砂糖を加え、練り上げたもの自体を餡、または「あんこ」と称するようになった。したがって餡餅などのように上からくるむ場合も餡という。葛粉(くずこ)に、酒、しょうゆ、砂糖などを加えてつくる葛だまりを葛餡と称するのも、そうした慣用が行われてからのことといえる。日本で餡が用いられるようになったのは、南北朝時代の1350年(正平5・観応1)に、中国浙江(せっこう)省出身の林浄因(りんじょういん)が来日し、後村上(ごむらかみ)天皇にまんじゅうを献上したことに始まるといわれる。しかし平安初期の宮中の年中儀式や制度を記した『延喜式(えんぎしき)』は、唐菓子の一種として団喜(だんき)をあげている。これは、小麦粉を練った皮で巾着(きんちゃく)形の福袋をつくり、中に甘葛煎(あまずらせん)で調味した桂皮(けいひ)や数種の木の実を詰め、ごま油で揚げたものである。今日の餡にはほど遠いが、中国の月餅(げっぺい)を考えれば、団喜の中身はまさに餡の祖型であった。 餡の種類は、アズキを材料とする漉(こ)し餡、小倉(おぐら)餡(粒餡)のほか、白アズキ、白インゲンでつくる白餡、青エンドウのうぐいす餡、いも餡、小豆(あずき)餡にゴマを加えたごま餡、ゆり餡、栗餡(くりあん)、葛(くず)餡などがある。また白餡をベースに食紅を加えて紅(べに)餡、ひき茶を加えてひき茶餡、さらにゆず餡やみそ餡もつくる。栗餡は白餡にクリの蜜煮(みつだ)きを入れたもののほか、純粋にクリだけでつくる餡がある。また葛餡の原料は、葛粉、かたくり粉、わらび粉で、麺(めん)類、野菜、魚、肉などのあんかけ料理のほか、焼き団子のたれにも用いられる。特殊な応用に練り切り餡がある。練り上げた素材を、へらや鋏(はさみ)で花や木の実に細工する和菓子独特の精緻(せいち)な手法には、餡に強靭(きょうじん)な腰を必要とする。このため、白インゲンの生(なま)餡にヤマイモと砂糖を加え、煮立たないように練りに練り上げ、しっとりした肌合いや腰をつくるのである。 漉し餡の作り方は、よく洗ったアズキに、その4倍の水を加えて強火にかけ、沸騰したところで中火にして、差し水を加えふたたび沸騰させる。2回沸騰したところでアズキをざるに取り出し、十分に水をかけ、「渋(しぶ)切り」をする。渋切りののち、前と同量の水を加え、いったん沸騰させてから火を弱めて煮る。指先でアズキが押しつぶせるくらいになったら水を半分ほど入れた大きな容器にそっくり移す。さらに別の容器に漉しざるを置き、その中へアズキをすくい出し、水をかけながらよくつぶすと、ざるにアズキの皮だけ残り、生餡は下の容器に落ちる。この生餡をふるいにかけ、水を加えながらもう一度漉す。漉された生餡は容器の下に沈殿するから、上水(うわみず)は静かに流し捨てる。ふるいにかける手法を2、3回繰り返したら、布袋に入れて強く絞り、水分を取り除くと完全な生餡ができる。分量はアズキ1キログラムに対し、できあがりの生餡が1.5キログラムぐらいである。この生餡に砂糖(生餡の分量の4分の3)と水を加え、火を通しながらあくをとり、十分に練り上げれば漉し餡になる。 小倉餡の場合は、アズキが煮上がった段階で、ふきんを敷いたざるに移し、水分を自然に切る。このあと砂糖と水を加え、沸騰直前まで、アズキがつぶれぬよう攪拌(かくはん)する。火から下ろして一晩ねかせ、別の容器にアズキだけ移し、鍋(なべ)に残された蜜(みつ)分を焦げ付かぬように糸が引くまで煮詰め、そこへ移しておいたアズキを入れて静かに煮上げる。アズキは上物を使う。生餡つくりの段階で「渋切り」をしないときは、渋切らず生餡ができる。この場合はアズキの深い香りが残り、濃い小豆色を呈するのが特徴である。 [沢 史生] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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