Shirt - shat (English spelling) shirt

Japanese: シャツ - しゃつ(英語表記)shirt
Shirt - shat (English spelling) shirt

The word "shirt" can be broadly categorized into two meanings: (1) Undergarments worn on the upper body. (2) Tops with collars and sleeves that are open in the front and worn on the upper body. Typical examples of category (2) are men's dress shirts and women's shirtwaists (blouses), but there are also sports shirts that have developed from these and various other upper body garments designed as leisurewear. Furthermore, in English, the word also means a nightshirt, which is men's nightwear. This diversity stems from the process by which the shirt has developed.

The origin of the shirt dates back to the ancient Orient. The Assyrian woolen shirts that were tight against the skin are a typical example. There is also a theory that the origin of the shirt can be traced back to the lower part of the two-layered tunic worn in ancient Egypt. In ancient Greece and Rome, a single tunic served as both an inner and outer garment and acted as underwear. In the Middle Ages, when people began to wear layers of clothing, independent loose-fitting linen shirts appeared, and the concepts of inner and outer garments became clear. Medieval shirts were made of linen with a very simple appearance and a large neckline. After that, shirts constantly changed in response to the outer appearance of clothes, and shirts as inner garments appeared as important elements that complemented outer garments. In addition, in the lower classes, shirts themselves became outerwear and tended to be mixed with smocks and blouses.

In the 18th century, when men's clothing approached its modern form, the decoration of the collar and cuffs became more ornate, and the shirts used as undergarments were lavishly decorated with lace, ribbons, frills, and embroidery. In the 19th century, men's clothing became almost modern, with a simple and clean collar, but the plastron (the part of the shirt's chest), cuffs, and collar were removable, and it was not until the early 20th century that the modern dress shirt took shape.

Women's shirtwaists (blouses) appeared from the 19th century onwards, along with the wearing of tailored suits influenced by men's clothing. Gibson girls from the late 19th century were known for their shirtwaists and boater hats.

The trend towards greater diversity and casual clothing in the 20th century has broadened the image of the shirt even further. Furthermore, the trend towards sportswear becoming everyday wear has further accelerated this trend. Shirts designed as sports shirts or leisure wear and made from a variety of fabrics now cover a wider range of items than ever before. There is also a marked trend towards shirts becoming outerwear. Today, shirt-like outerwear and jacket-like shirts are becoming more acceptable, and T-shirts, which were once underwear, are already being accepted as outerwear.

In French, chemise is the equivalent of a shirt.

[Akiko Fukai]

"The History of Women's Underwear" by Cécile Saint Laurent, translated by Akiko Fukai (1989, Edition Wacoal)""Yarwood Encyclopedia of World Costume (1978, Anchor Press, London)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

シャツは、大別すると次の二つの意味になる。(1)上半身につける肌着、下着類。(2)襟、袖(そで)がついた、前あきの上半身に着用する上衣。(2)の代表的なものは、男子のワイシャツ、女子のシャツウエストshirtwaist(ブラウス)などであるが、これから発展したスポーツシャツや遊び着としてデザインされたさまざまの上半身用衣服がある。さらに英語では、男子用寝巻であるナイトシャツnightshirtの意味もある。この多元性は、シャツの発展過程に起因している。

 シャツの起源は古く古代オリエントにまでさかのぼる。なかでもアッシリアの、肌にぴったりとしたウール製のシャツはその典型を示している。また古代エジプトの、二枚重ねで着たチュニックの下側のものにその起源を求める説もある。古代ギリシア・ローマなどでは、内着と外着とを兼ねた1枚のチュニックが下着の役割を果たしていた。中世になり重ね着がおこると、独立した麻製の緩やかなシャツが登場し、内着と外着との概念が明確になった。中世のシャツは非常にシンプルな外形、大きな襟ぐりの亜麻(あま)製であった。その後、シャツは絶えず服の外形に呼応しながら変化し、中着としてのシャツが外着を引き立てるための重要な要素をもつものとして現れた。また、下層階級では、シャツ自体が外着化して、スモックsmockやブラウスblouseと混交していく傾向がみられた。

 男子服が現代の形に近づく18世紀には、襟元や袖口の装飾が華麗になり、中衣としてのシャツにはレース、リボン、フリル、刺しゅうがふんだんに使われた。19世紀になると、男子服はほぼ現代の様式となり、簡素で清潔な襟元へと変化したが、シャツのプラストロンplastron(シャツの胸の部分)、カフス、カラーは取り外し可能なものであり、現代のワイシャツの形として整うのは20世紀初期である。

 女子のシャツウエスト(ブラウス)は19世紀以降、男子服の影響を受けたテーラード・スーツが着用されるようになるとともに現れた。19世紀末期のギブソン・ガールGibson girlは、そのシャツウエストとカンカン帽で知られている。

 20世紀の衣服の多様化、カジュアル化の傾向は、シャツについてのイメージをさらに広範なものとした。また、スポーツウエアの日常着化も、この傾向にいっそう拍車をかけている。スポーツシャツや遊び着としてデザインされ、さまざまな生地(きじ)を用いてつくられるシャツは、かつてない広い範囲のものまでを含むようになった。シャツの外衣化傾向も著しい。今日では、シャツ的上着、ジャケット的なシャツなどが容認されようとしており、かつての肌着であったTシャツは、すでに外衣として受け入れられている。

 なお、フランス語では、シュミーズchemiseがシャツに呼応する語である。

[深井晃子]

『セシル・サンローラン著、深井晃子訳『女性下着の歴史』(1989・エディション・ワコール)』『YarwoodEncyclopedia of World Costume(1978, Anchor Press, London)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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