Advertisements that appeal to public opinion on various social issues, including politics and administration, for or against, requests for revision, the direction that should be taken, and one's own position, in order to seek understanding and, in some cases, to encourage some kind of action. Advertisers can be non-profit organizations, groups, individuals, industry groups, or even for-profit companies. In English, they are called advocacy advertising (advertising that defends one's position) or issue advertising (controversy advertising). The opinions presented in the advertisement are likely to be counterargued directly, and may generate debate, but often the purpose is to cause debate itself. Public service advertising by organizations such as AC Japan (formerly the Public Advertising Council) can also be considered opinion advertising in a broad sense, as it is an advertisement that expresses a certain opinion to solve social problems, but the opinions presented there are rarely controversial, and are generally distinguished from opinion advertising. After World War II, opinion ads became a big topic in Japan in the 1960s. In 1965, a Japanese anti-Vietnam War group called "Citizens' Alliance for Peace in Vietnam" (Beheiren) took out a full-page ad in The New York Times entitled "Will Bombs Bring Peace to Vietnam? An Appeal from a Japanese Friend," which became a hot topic in the Japanese media and advertising industry. Later, the Liberal Democratic Party's 1973 ad criticizing the Communist Party's policies, entitled "Dear Japanese Communist Party, Please clarify," and the 1975 Japanese National Railways (now JR) ad seeking understanding for a fare increase, entitled "I Want to Speak," also made the term opinion ads known to the public. From the late 1970s to the 1980s, with Japan's economic growth as a backdrop, Japanese companies placed opinion advertisements in overseas media to express their position against foreign policies toward Japan. In 1979, in response to the US Treasury Department imposing anti-dumping duties on Japanese televisions, the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (now the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association) placed an opinion advertisement in the New York Times in complete opposition to the tax. In 1980, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association placed an opinion advertisement in the New York Times and other publications against the US International Trade Commission, which was considering restricting the import of Japanese cars, arguing that the import restrictions would harm the American people. In 1983, the Electronic Industries Association of Japan placed an opinion advertisement in a European newspaper arguing that the EC (European Community)'s consideration of raising tariffs on CD players would be a negative for the EC. The publication of opinion advertisements did not shelve these policies, but it can be said that they at least had the power to appeal the position of Japanese companies to overseas audiences and spark debate. The themes of the opinion ads have become more widespread since 1990. In 1991, the National Council of Advertising-Related Workers' Unions took up the case of death from overwork among advertising agency employees and placed an opinion ad in the New York Times entitled "The Japanese are dying from overwork", which sparked a reaction about working conditions in Japan. Prior to the enactment of the Organ Transplant Law in 1997, opinion advertisements opposing organ transplants, written by philosopher Umehara Takeshi and others, were placed in national newspapers in 1994, sparking debate over such points as whether brain death should be recognized as human death and what would happen to the health of patients who receive transplants. Considering that there are also opinions that want organ transplants to be made possible as soon as possible for patients in critical conditions, this is an example that shows the significance of opinion advertisements regarding the pros and cons of a single issue. Examples of opinion advertisements that posed an exchange of opposing opinions include the issue of the relocation of the capital functions, in which the Tochigi Prefectural Liaison Committee for the Promotion of the Attraction of the National Diet and Other Government Facilities placed an opinion advertisement in the Japan Business Federation's magazine, Monthly Keidanren, in favor of relocating the capital to Tochigi Prefecture (1994), and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government placed opinion advertisements in seven Tokyo-based newspapers opposing the relocation (1999), and operated a ``bus wrapped in an anti-capital relocation wrapper'' using the body of a Tokyo bus (2001). In 2009, an organization called the "National Conference for One Person, One Vote," comprised of lawyers, journalists, and academics, took out opinion advertisements in national newspapers, taking up the issue of inequality in current elections, naming judges who had allowed inequality in Supreme Court decisions, and calling for the exercise of the right of popular review to mark them with an "X" to indicate their intention to dismiss them. Although the judges who allowed inequality were not dismissed, more of them marked with an "X" than other judges. This is a noteworthy example of opinion advertisements calling for concrete action. [Kazue Shimamura] "Modern Opinion Advertising Theory" edited by the Broadcast Critics Association (1975, Jiji Press)" ▽ "Seiichi Itokawa, Kazuhiko Goto, and Mitsuo Shimamori eds., "Japan's Opinion Advertising: A Collection of Materials 1975" (1976, Sendenkaigi)" ▽ "Norio Uejo, "Issues in Opinion Advertising and Access Rights" (included in "Research on Social Communication 2" 1986, Kansai University Institute of Economics and Political Science)" [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
政治や行政をはじめとするさまざまな社会的課題について、賛成・反対、改定の要請、あるべき方向や自らの立場などを世論に訴え、理解を求め、場合によってはなんらかの行動を促すための広告。広告主となるのは、非営利組織・団体、個人、業界団体だけでなく、営利企業の場合もある。英語ではアドボカシー広告advocacy advertising(自らの立場を擁護する広告)、イシュー広告issue advertising(論争広告)などとよばれる。広告に提示される意見には、まっこうから反論が示される可能性も高く、議論を生むこともあるが、議論を起こすこと自体を目的とすることも多い。ACジャパン(旧、公共広告機構)のような組織が行う公共広告public service advertising(公共奉仕広告)も、社会問題解決のためにある種の意見を述べる広告なので広い意味では意見広告といえるが、そこに提示される意見は賛否両論があるものは少なく、一般的には意見広告と区別されている。 第二次世界大戦後、日本で意見広告が大きな話題になったのは1960年代である。1965年(昭和40)に、日本のベトナム戦争反戦運動団体「ベトナムに平和を!市民連合」(略称、ベ平連)が、『ニューヨーク・タイムズ』に「爆弾はベトナムに平和をもたらすか?日本の友人からの訴え」とうたった全面広告を出稿し、日本のメディアや広告業界で話題になった。その後、1973年に自由民主党が行った「前略 日本共産党殿 はっきりさせてください。」という共産党の政策批判広告や、1975年に国鉄(現、JR)が行った「国鉄(わたくし)は話したい」という値上げへの理解を求める広告も、意見広告ということばを世間に知らしめるものになった。 1970年代後半から1980年代にかけては、日本の経済成長を背景とし、外国の対日政策に対して日本企業が自らの立場を訴える意見広告を海外メディアに掲載した。アメリカ財務省が日本製テレビに対して反ダンピング税を課したことに対して、1979年、日本電子機械工業会(現、電子情報技術産業協会)は課税に徹底的に反対する意見広告を『ニューヨーク・タイムズ』に掲載した。1980年、日本自動車工業会は日本車の輸入規制を検討するアメリカ国際貿易委員会に対して、輸入規制はアメリカ国民に損失を与えるという内容の意見広告を『ニューヨーク・タイムズ』ほかで行った。日本電子機械工業会は、1983年にEC(ヨーロッパ共同体)が検討するCDプレーヤーの関税引き上げは、ECにとってマイナスであるという意見広告を欧州紙に掲載した。意見広告の掲載によって、これらの政策が棚上げになったわけではないが、少なくとも日本企業の立場を海外に向けて訴え、議論をよぶ力はあったといえよう。 1990年以降の意見広告のテーマは、さらに広がりを見せている。全国広告関連労働組合協議会が、広告会社社員の過労死の事例を取り上げ、「日本人は働きすぎて死んでいく」という意見広告を『ニューヨーク・タイムズ』に掲載し、日本の労働条件についての反響をよんだのは1991年である。 臓器移植法の成立(1997)に先だち、1994年(平成6)に全国紙に掲載された哲学者梅原猛(たけし)らによる臓器移植に反対する意見広告の内容は、脳死を人の死と認めるか、移植を受けた患者の健康状態はどうなるのか、といった点で議論をよぶこととなった。重篤な状態にある患者のために一日も早く臓器移植を可能にしたいという意見も存在することを考えると、一つの課題への賛否を巡る意見広告の意義が理解できる例である。 相反する意見の応酬となった意見広告としては、首都機能移転問題について、「栃木県国会等誘致推進連絡会議」が栃木県に首都を移転させたいという意見広告を日本経済団体連合会の機関誌『月刊 Keidanren』で行い(1994)、東京都は移転反対を訴える意見広告を在京7紙に掲載し(1999)、都バスの車体を使った「首都移転反対ラッピングバス」を運行させた(2001)という例もある。 2009年(平成21)、弁護士やジャーナリスト、学者などで構成される「一人一票実現国民会議」という団体は、現在の選挙における一票の不平等を取り上げ、最高裁判決で不平等を容認した裁判官を名指しし、国民審査権を行使して罷免の意思を示す「×印」をつけようと訴える意見広告を全国紙を使って行った。不平等を容認した裁判官が罷免されるところまではいかなかったものの、×印は他の裁判官より多かった。具体的な行動を呼びかける意見広告としては特筆すべき例と考えられる。 [嶋村和恵] 『放送批評懇談会編『現代意見広告論』(1975・時事通信社)』▽『糸川精一、後藤和彦、島守光雄編『日本の意見広告 資料集 1975』(1976・宣伝会議)』▽『植条則夫著「意見広告とアクセス権の諸問題」(『社会的コミュニケーションの研究2』所収・1986・関西大学経済・政治研究所)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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