Sando - Sando

It was one of the departments of Daigakuryo, and taught arithmetic. Two Hakase (mathematical doctor) and 30 Sansei (mathematical students) appear in the Shikiinryo (office staff order). In the early Heian period, it came to form one of the four departments of Daigakuryo along with Myogyo (classical texts), Monjo (literature), and Myobou (law), but it was small compared to the other three departments, and in 802 (Enryaku 21), the number of Sansei was reduced to 20. Students studied textbooks such as Kyuzhang, Kaito, Shuhi, Goso, Kyushi, Sunzi, and Sankaijuzai. Many officials with a background in Sando were employed in the Shuzei, Shukei, and Moku wards, where they put their specialized knowledge to good use. Many Sando instructors were from humble surnames, and the Otsuki and Miyoshi clans were recognized as hereditary clans. Miyoshi Kiyoyuki wrote in "Hosuga Usofusho" that "after traveling and studying, I secretly learned mathematics," indicating that around the second half of the 9th century, arithmetic had become the family study of the Miyoshi clan.

[Morita Tei]

"Research on the Ancient Educational System by Momo Hiroyuki (1947, Meguro Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

大学寮の一学科で、算術を教授した。職員令(しきいんりょう)に算博士(はかせ)2、算生30がみえる。平安初期、明経(みょうぎょう)、文章(もんじょう)、明法(みょうぼう)とともに大学寮の四道を形づくるに至るが、他の三道にくらべ小規模であり、802年（延暦21）には算生が20人に減定されている。学生は九章、海島、周髀(しゅうひ)、五曹(ごそう)、九司、孫子、三開重差などの教科書を学んだ。算道出身の官人は多く主税(しゅぜい)、主計(しゅけい)、木工(もく)などの寮にあって専門知識を生かした。算道の教官には卑姓出身者が多く、世襲する氏族に小槻(おつき)氏や三善(みよし)氏が認められる。三善清行(みよしきよゆき)は『奉菅右相府書』のなかで、「遊学の次(ついで)、偸(ひそ)かに術数を習う」と記しており、9世紀後半のころ算道が三善氏の家学化してきていることを示している。

［森田　悌］

『桃裕行著『上代学制の研究』（1947・目黒書店）』

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