The term reserves is used in various ways, but in corporate accounting it refers to the following three: (1) capital reserves (Article 445 of the Companies Act), (2) retained earnings reserves (same Article of the same Act), and (3) reserves under the Special Taxation Measures Act (price fluctuation reserves, overseas investment loss reserves, etc.). The accumulation of capital reserves and retained earnings reserves is required by the Companies Act and is called statutory reserves. Capital reserves can be accumulated up to half the issue price of stocks. In addition, when dividends are paid out of surplus, one-tenth of the amount of the dividend must be recorded as capital reserves or retained earnings until it reaches one-fourth of the capital (Article 22 of the Corporate Accounting Regulations). Although the accounting characteristics of these reserves are different, in terms of double-entry bookkeeping, they are all credit items, meaning that unspecified assets of the corresponding amount are reserved. However, this does not mean that cash or deposits are specifically secured as reserves. Reserves under the Special Taxation Measures Law have the nature of retained earnings in accounting terms, so setting them up through profit appropriations is appropriate, but in this case, these reserves become voluntary reserves. [Toru Miyazaki and Yoshito Nakamura] [Reference item] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
準備金という用語はいろいろな意味に用いられるが、企業会計においては次の三つをさして用いられる。(1)資本準備金(会社法445条)、(2)利益準備金(同法同条)、(3)租税特別措置法上の準備金(価格変動準備金、海外投資等損失準備金など)。資本準備金と利益準備金は、会社法でその積立てが義務づけられており、法定準備金とよばれる。資本準備金は、株式の発行価額の2分の1までを積み立てることができる。また、剰余金の配当をする場合には、配当の10分の1の金額を資本準備金または利益剰余金として資本金の4分の1に達するまで計上しなければならない(会社計算規則22条)。 これらの準備金の会計上の性質はそれぞれ異なっているが、複式簿記の構造から考えると、これらはいずれも貸方項目であり、当該金額だけ不特定の資産が留保されていることを意味する。ただしそれは、現金や預金が具体的に準備金として確保されているということではない。租税特別措置法上の準備金は、会計上は利益留保の性格をもつので利益処分による設定が適切な処理となるが、この場合、これらの準備金は任意積立金となる。 [宮崎 徹・中村義人] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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