Senior Citizen - Saieki

This was one of the forced labors imposed on citizens by the ancient Ritsuryo state. According to the Yoro-ryo, citizens were required to work 10 days a year, but if they did not pay the annual labor, they were required to pay cloth or rice instead of the actual labor, which was called yo. In addition, if the government needed it, they could work an additional 30 days called rueki in addition to the 10 days of labor, and in that case they were exempt from rent and tax as compensation. Unlike the miscellaneous labors, which were local labors performed under the command of kokushi, the annual labor was used for building palaces and temples under the command of the central government, and food for the round trip and the 10-day labor period was self-funded. However, there is also the view that the Taiho-ryo did not have any provisions for actual labor as annual labor, and only had provisions for collecting yo.

[Yasuhisa Nagayama]

"A Study of the Ritsuryo Burden System" by Yasutaka Nagayama (1976, Hanawa Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

古代の律令(りつりょう)国家が公民に賦課した徭役(ようえき)の一つ。養老(ようろう)令によると年に10日使役することになっていたが、もし歳役に差点(さてん)（徴発）しない場合は、実役につくかわりに布や米を賦課し、これを庸(よう)と称した。また政府が必要とする場合には、この10日の役のほかに、留役(るえき)といってさらに30日間使役することができたが、その場合には代償として租(そ)と調(ちょう)とが免除された。歳役は、国司の指揮のもとで行われる地方的徭役の雑徭(ぞうよう)と異なり、中央政府の指揮のもとで造宮や造寺にあてられ、往復の食料や10日の就役期間の食料は自弁であった。ただし、大宝(たいほう)令には歳役を実役でとる規定はなく、ただ庸を徴収する規定のみがあったとする見解もある。

［長山泰孝］

『長山泰孝著『律令負担体系の研究』（1976・塙書房）』

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