Tautomerism - Tautomerism

Japanese: 互変異性 - ゴヘンイセイ
Tautomerism - Tautomerism

When equilibrium exists between structural isomers that can be interconverted, this phenomenon is called tautomerism. Structural isomers that are tautomeric are said to be tautomers of each other. Tautomerism can be divided into proton tautomerism and valence isomerism, as described below. [ I ] Proton tautomerism: Tautomerism that occurs when the bonding positions of hydrogen atoms in a molecule are different. The most typical example is tautomerism between the keto and enol forms of aldehydes and ketones (keto-enol tautomerism). This is seen in active methylene compounds such as acetylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate, and two types of isomers exist, keto and enol, as shown below.

The enol form has low polarity due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (chelate ring), and immediately after distillation, acetylacetone is almost entirely in the enol form. However, if left to stand, the keto form gradually forms, resulting in an equilibrium mixture (80% enol form, 20% keto form at room temperature). Other examples of proton tautomerism include imine-enamine, nitroso-oxime, and nitro- aci -nitro.

[ II ] Valence isomerism: Tautomerism that occurs when only the position of the bond is different. For example, the equilibrium between cycloheptatriene and norcaradiene.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

相互変換できる構造異性体間に平衡が存在する場合,この現象を互変異性という.互変異性にある構造異性体は,互いに互変異性体(tautomer)であるという.互変異性は,以下に述べるように,プロトン互変異性と,原子価異性に分けられる.【】プロトン互変異性:ある分子中の水素原子の結合位置が異なることによって生じる互変異性.もっとも代表的な例が,アルデヒドやケトンにおけるケト形とエノール形の間の互変異性(ケト-エノール互変異性)である.アセチルアセトンやアセト酢酸エチルなどの活性メチレン化合物にみられ,次のようにケト形とエノール形の2種類の異性体が存在する.

エノール形は分子内水素結合(キレート環)をつくっているため極性が小さく,蒸留直後のアセチルアセトンはほとんど純粋なエノール形である.しかし,放置するとしだいにケト形が生じ,平衡混合物になる(常温でエノール形80%,ケト形20%).このほかプロトン互変異性には,イミン-エナミン間,ニトロソ-オキシム間,ニトロ-aci-ニトロ間などがある.

】原子価異性:結合の位置だけが異なることによって生じる互変異性.たとえば,シクロヘプタトリエンとノルカラジエンとの平衡.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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