Sanbetsu-sho

The military of the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. It originated from the "Yebyeolcho", organized by Choi Yu (originally named Yi, ?-1249) who gathered strong and brave soldiers to crack down on thieves at night, and was originally a temporary organization. Later, as the number of personnel increased, it was divided into "Sa and Ubyeolcho", and the defeated troops in the war against the Mongols were further organized into "Shingui Byeolcho", making three units and forming a standing army. The "Sambyeolcho" was not only responsible for cracking down on thieves, but also for defending the capital Kaesong, and after the Mongol invasion, it was also responsible for defending the new capital Ganghwa. However, it was not an official national army, but a private army that supported the Choi clan government along with the "Dobang". Even after Goryeo surrendered to the Mongols and returned to Kaesong from Ganghwa, the Sambyeolcho refused to surrender and moved to Jindo Island on the southern coast of South Jeolla Province to launch a resistance movement against the Mongols. This movement was strongly linked to the people's movements and gained control of the seas along the southern coast. They later moved their base to Jeju Island, where they were annihilated by the allied Mongol-Goryeo forces in 1273. The following year, the Mongol army invaded Japan (the Bun'ei War).

[Mitsuo Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

朝鮮、高麗(こうらい)時代の軍隊。崔瑀(さいう)（初名は怡(い)、？―1249）が夜間の盗賊取締りのため驍勇(ぎょうゆう)（強く勇ましい）の士を集めて編成した「夜別抄」に起源をもち、本来は臨時組織であった。のち人員増加に伴って「左・右別抄」に分け、さらに対モンゴル戦の敗北部隊を「神義別抄」に編成して3部隊とし、常備軍化した。「三別抄」は盗賊取締りのみならず首都開城の守備にあたり、モンゴル侵入後は新都江華(こうか)の守備にもあたった。しかし、国家の公的軍隊ではなく、「都房」とともに崔氏政権を支える私兵であった。高麗がモンゴルに降伏し、江華から開城に戻ったのちも「三別抄」は降伏を拒否し、全羅南道南海岸の珍島(ちんとう)に移ってモンゴルに対する抵抗運動を展開した。この運動は民衆の動きとも強く結ばれ、南部沿岸一帯の制海権を掌握した。のちに済州(さいしゅう)島に根拠地を移し、1273年モンゴル・高麗連合軍に全滅させられた。翌年、モンゴル軍の日本遠征が行われた（文永(ぶんえい)の役）。

［吉田光男］

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