Fragrant wood - Koboku

Japanese: 香木 - こうぼく
Fragrant wood - Koboku

A general term for trees that contain a lot of resin that gives off a strong fragrance, and are used by shaving the wood into small pieces to burn as incense, or for making Buddhist altar implements, coffins, fans, combs, picture frames, etc., and as material for carvings. Many fragrant woods are native to tropical regions and are expensive, but there is a large difference in quality depending on the place of origin and brand. Agarwood, sandalwood, and borneol are some of the most famous, and in the Heian period they were highly valued by the people of the Imperial Court as materials for the five fragrances, or famous fragrances.

Agarwood ( Aquilaria agallocha ) is an evergreen tree of the Thymelaeaceae family, and its fragrance has been revered since ancient times in both the East and the West. There are many references to it in the Bible, and it is said that Napoleon I also smelled it. It also appears in China in Tao Hongjing's "Records of Famous Doctors," and in Japan, the Ranjatai (a type of Japanese spice) housed in the Shosoin Repository at Todaiji Temple is famous. Sandalwood ( Santalum album ), an evergreen tree of the Santalaceae family, is considered to be the genuine version, but many other types are known, and even fragrant woods other than the Santalaceae family are often referred to as sandalwood. Sandalwood has had a deep connection with religion since ancient times, and in Hinduism and Buddhism, its wood is used as a material for offerings and carving Buddhist statues, its brushwood is burned as incense, and sawdust is processed into solid incense or used to scent clothing or repel insects. It is said that Hindus use sandalwood paste to make caste markers. Borneo ( Dryobalanops aromatica ) is a large evergreen tree of the Dipterocarpaceae family, and is obtained by steam distillation of its wood. In addition to being used as a fragrance, it is also famous for its medicinal properties (external application, etc.).

Other well-known incense includes myrrh (resin of Commiphora abyssinica , Burseraceae), famous as the sacred incense of the Old Testament; frankincense (resin of Boswellia carteri , Burseraceae); sorrel (resin of Liquidambar orientalis , Hamamelidaceae (APG classification: Ceraminaceae); and benzoin (resin of Styrax benzoin , Styraxaceae).

[Takashi Kato September 17, 2020]

[Reference items] | Benzoin | Incense | Kodo | Jinkou | Sue Hongjing | Frankincense | Sandalwood | Myrrh |

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

著しい芳香を放つ樹脂分を多く含んでいるため、材を削って細片とし、香として焚(た)く薫香料にしたり、仏具、棺(ひつぎ)、扇、櫛(くし)、額縁等や彫刻用材として利用される樹木の総称。香木には熱帯地方特産のものが多く、高価であるが、産地や銘柄によって品質の差が大きい。沈香(じんこう)、白檀(びゃくだん)、竜脳(りゅうのう)などが有名で、平安時代には五香、あるいは名香の素材として大宮人にもてはやされた。

 沈香(沈香樹、伽羅(きゃら))は、ジンチョウゲ科の常緑高木ジンコウAquilaria agallochaとされ、その薫香は洋の東西を問わず、きわめて古くから尊ばれてきている。聖書のなかに多くの記述があるし、ナポレオン1世もこれを薫じたという。また、中国では陶弘景(とうこうけい)の『名医別録』などに表れるし、日本では東大寺正倉院所蔵の蘭奢待(らんじゃたい)が有名である。白檀(檀香(だんこう)、栴檀(せんだん))は、ビャクダン科の常緑小高木ビャクダンSantalum albumが真正とされるが、これ以外にも多種類が知られているし、さらにはビャクダン科以外の香木までビャクダンの名でよばれることも少なくない。ビャクダンは古くから宗教との関係が深く、ヒンドゥー教、仏教などでは、木部を奉納物や仏像の彫刻材料とし、粗朶(そだ)は香として焚き、鋸(のこぎり)くずは固形の香に加工されたり、衣料の香、あるいは防虫に用いられてきた。ヒンドゥー教徒は白檀入りの糊(のり)で、カーストの印をつくっているという。竜脳(梅花竜脳)は、フタバガキ科の常緑大高木リュウノウジュDryobalanops aromaticaで、材を水蒸気蒸留して得られる。薫香料のほか、薬用(外用薬など)としても有名である。

 このほかの薫香としては、『旧約聖書』の聖香として名高い、没薬(もつやく)(カンラン科のモツヤクジュCommiphora abyssinicaの樹脂)、乳香(にゅうこう)(カンラン科のニュウコウジュBoswellia carteriなどの樹脂)、蘇合香(そごうこう)(マンサク科〈APG分類:フウ科〉のソゴウコウノキLiquidambar orientalisの樹脂)、安息香(あんそくこう)(エゴノキ科のアンソクコウノキStyrax benzoinの樹脂)などがよく知られている。

[加藤 高 2020年9月17日]

[参照項目] | 安息香 | | 香道 | ジンコウ | 陶弘景 | 乳香 | ビャクダン | 没薬 | 蘭奢待 | リュウノウジュ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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