Ashura - Ashura

Japanese: 阿修羅 - あしゅら
Ashura - Ashura

A type of Indian demon. It is a transliteration of the Sanskrit and Pali word asura, and is abbreviated as Shura. From the etymology, it is related to the ancient Persian word ahura due to the change of s and h. However, in ancient Persia, ahura was considered a good god and was thought to be in opposition to the evil god daēva, but in India, asura was interpreted as a non-god (sura), that is, a non-heaven, and as a result, the relationship was reversed, and it became a word to call the evil god hostile to the good god deva. And the battle between the good and evil gods is seen in the great Indian epic poem "Mahabharata", where the asuras are cut by the discus of Vishnu, spitting out a lot of blood, and are beaten by swords, spears, and clubs, lying on the battlefield, their blood-stained bodies lying in piles like the peaks of brown rocks. Similar descriptions are mentioned in various places in the Buddhist scriptures, and through these they have been passed down to Japanese literature. Thus, the place where the bloody battles take place is called "Shuraba." Rebirth as an Asura is counted among the four evil places or realms, along with (1) being born in hell, (2) entering the realm of animals, i.e. becoming an animal, and (3) becoming a hungry ghost, or a deceased person. In other words, it is considered one of the misfortunes that people receive after death.

The Ashura statue (a national treasure) kept at Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara has three faces and six arms, and is a masterpiece of Tenpyo period sculpture with its ingeniously positioned hands and sad expression.

[Takahashi Tsuyoshi]

[Reference] | Tenryu Hachibushu

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの鬼神の一種。サンスクリット語、パーリ語のアスラasuraの音写語で、修羅と略称される。語源からすれば、sとhの交代により、古代ペルシア語のアフラahuraと関係がある。しかし、古代ペルシアではアフラは善神とみなされ、悪神ダエーバdaēvaに対立すると考えられているが、インドではアスラを神(スラsura)にあらざる者、つまり非天と解釈した結果、その関係が逆になり、善神デーバdevaに敵対する悪神をよぶことばとなっている。そして善神と悪神との戦闘は、インドの大叙事詩『マハーバーラタ』にみえ、ビシュヌ神の円盤に切られて大量の血を吐きながら、刀、槍(やり)、棍棒(こんぼう)で打ちのめされたアスラたちが戦場に横臥(おうが)し、血に染まった彼らの肢体が、褐色の岩の頂のように累々と横たわっているようすが描かれている。ほぼ同様の叙述は、仏典にも所々に言及され、これらを通じてわが国の文学にも伝えられた。それで血なまぐさい戦闘の行われる場所を「修羅場(しゅらば)」という。またこのような阿修羅に生まれ変わることは、(1)地獄に生まれること、(2)畜生界に入ること、つまり動物になること、(3)餓鬼すなわち亡者となることとともに、四つの悪処(あくしょ)、悪趣(あくしゅ)に数えられる。すなわち、人が死後受けるところの不幸な運命の一つと考えられている。

 なお、奈良・興福寺蔵の阿修羅像(国宝)は三面六臂(ろっぴ)で、巧妙な手の配置、愁いを含む表情で表される天平(てんぴょう)彫刻の名作である。

[高橋 壯]

[参照項目] | 天竜八部衆

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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