Insulator

Japanese: 碍子 - がいし
Insulator

A ceramic support that supports and insulates overhead transmission and distribution lines, or busbars in power generating and substations. For high-voltage transmission lines of tens of thousands to one million volts, many suspension insulators are hung in series from the tower support point according to the voltage class, and the wire is fixed to the end of the suspension insulator. For transmission lines with high tensile loads, such as multi-conductor wires with two or more conductors installed in parallel, these suspension insulators are arranged in two or more rows depending on the tensile load of the wire to hold the wire in place. For extra-high voltage transmission lines of 270,000 volts or more in particular, the tensile load of the wire is large, so up to four rows of 280 to 400 mm diameter insulators with higher tensile strength than the standard 250 mm diameter suspension insulators are used. Long-rod insulators are used when it is necessary to route and fix the wire at the wire attachment part of the transmission line tower. Long-rod insulators are also used to secure the busbars and lead wires of power generating and substations. For high-voltage and low-voltage distribution lines, pin insulators and various other shapes that are small and easy to support and secure the wires are used.

In addition to the above, insulators are used for supporting and insulating electric railway trolley wires and broadcasting antennas, depending on the application. These insulators are mainly made of hard porcelain, to which metal fittings for mounting are attached with cement. The surface of the porcelain is glazed and then smoothly covered with white or colored glass. In this way, they are able to maintain their insulation even when exposed to moisture from rain or fog, or even when contaminated with salt or dust, and are also able to withstand arc heat as much as possible in the event of a flashover caused by lightning. They are also able to maintain their electrical properties and strong mechanical strength for the long term, even in environments with temperature changes, chemical stresses such as acidity and alkalinity, and sunlight.

[Yoshifumi Oura]

[Reference item] | Electric wire
Main types and shapes of insulators
©Shogakukan ">

Main types and shapes of insulators


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

架空送・配電線の電線、あるいは発・変電所構内の母線などの電線を支持し、絶縁する磁器製の支持物をいう。数万~100万ボルトまでの高電圧送電線では、懸垂碍子を鉄塔支持点から電圧階級に応じて数多く直列につり下げ、その先に電線を固定する。また2本以上の導体を平行に架設する多導体電線などのように引張り荷重の大きい送電線では、この懸垂碍子を2列、あるいはそれ以上、電線の引張り荷重に応じて多列にし、電線を引き留めている。とくに27万ボルト以上の超高圧送電線では、電線の引張り荷重が大きくなるので、標準の250ミリメートル径の懸垂碍子より高張力の280~400ミリメートル径の碍子を最大4列まで、多列にして使用している。送電線鉄塔の電線取り付け部において、電線を引き回し固定する必要がある場合には、長幹碍子が用いられる。また発・変電所の母線やリード線を固定する場合にも、長幹碍子が用いられている。高圧配電線や低圧配電線などでは、ピン碍子をはじめ、小型で電線の支持や引き留めが容易な種々の形状のものが用いられている。

 以上のほか、電気鉄道のトロリー線や放送用のアンテナの支持・絶縁にも用途に応じた碍子が用いられている。これらの碍子は、硬質の磁器を主体にし、それに取り付け金具の金具をセメントで接着するなどして構成している。磁器の表面にうわぐすりを施し、滑らかに白色、ないし色ガラス質で覆っている。このようにして雨天や霧などによる水分や、さらには塩分やほこりなどの汚れが付着した場合でも、絶縁を保持できるようにするとともに、雷などにより閃絡(せんらく)した場合でも、そのアーク熱に極力耐えるようにしてある。また温度変化や酸性、アルカリ性などの化学的ストレス、および太陽光線などの環境にも長期的に電気特性と強固な機械力を保持できるようにしてある。

[大浦好文]

[参照項目] | 電線
碍子のおもな種類と形状
©Shogakukan">

碍子のおもな種類と形状


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