A French overseas department in northern South America. Its capital is Cayenne. It borders Suriname to the west, Brazil to the south and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Geologically, it is part of the Guiana Highlands, which are made of ancient rocks, but erosion by rivers flowing north has led to a plateau that slopes gently northward, with low mountains scattered in the south. Located in the equatorial zone between 2° and 6° north latitude, the temperature is high, with the average monthly temperature in Cayenne being 25-26°C. There is almost no annual range. It rains especially heavily from December to January and from April to July, with some coastal areas receiving up to 4000mm of rainfall annually. About 90% of the land is covered by tropical rainforest. The majority of the inhabitants are Creoles, which refers to people who have adopted a European lifestyle regardless of race, and they speak Creole (a localized version of French) in addition to the official language French. The population is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas, centered around Cayenne. The Spanish explored the coastline in the early 16th century. In the early 17th century, the French established the first colony in what is now Cayenne. After that, there were occupations by the Dutch and the British, and border disputes with Portugal, but in the early 18th century, the population gradually increased and the area began to develop. However, the abolition of slavery in 1848 caused the collapse of the plantation economy. After 1852, penal colonies were established in several places, such as Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Diable Island. The European prisoners sent here died one after another because they could not endure the work in the tropical climate, but these colonies continued to exist for more than 90 years and became the source of French Guiana's bad reputation. In 1946, it became an overseas department with the same status as a department on the mainland of France, and it is the only non-independent region in South America. Economically, it is completely dependent on mainland France, and agriculture is far from self-sufficient, so food imports are increasing year by year. The vast forest resources are almost undeveloped. However, the fishing industry has developed in recent years, and the catch, mainly shrimp, is also used for export. There is also a shrimp canning and freezing factory, and products are mainly exported to Japan and the United States. Gold is a mineral product. There is no railway, and roads are underdeveloped except in coastal areas, so transportation is mainly by river and air. There is an international airport in Cayenne, and Kourou is the rocket launch site of the European Space Agency (ESA). Area 83,534 km2 . Population 243,000 (2011 estimate). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
南アメリカ北部にあるフランスの海外県。首都カイエンヌ。西はスリナム,南と東はブラジルと国境を接し,北は大西洋に面する。地質的には古期の岩石からなるギアナ高地の一部であるが,北流する河川による浸食が進み,南部に低い山地が散在するほかは北に向ってゆるやかに傾斜する平坦地となっている。北緯2°~6°の赤道地帯に位置するため気温は高く,カイエンヌの月平均気温 25~26℃。年較差はほとんどない。 12月~1月,4~7月が特に多雨で,沿岸部では年降水量 4000mmに上るところもあり,全土の約 90%が熱帯雨林に覆われる。住民の大半はクレオールと呼ばれる人々であるが,これは人種に関係なく,ヨーロッパ風の生活様式を取り入れている人々をさし,公用語のフランス語のほかクレオル語 (現地語化したフランス語) を話す。人口はおもにカイエンヌを中心とした沿岸部に集中。 16世紀初めにスペイン人が沿岸部を探検。 17世紀前半フランス人が現在のカイエンヌの地に最初の植民地を建設。その後オランダ人,イギリス人による占領,ポルトガルとの国境紛争などがあったが,18世紀前半徐々に人口が増加し,発展しはじめた。しかし 1848年の奴隷制廃止によりプランテーション経済が崩壊。 1852年以降サンローランデュマロニ,ディアブル島など数ヵ所に流刑植民地が建設された。ここに送られてきたヨーロッパ人の囚人は熱帯気候のなかでの労働に耐えられず次々に死んでいったが,これら植民地はその後 90年以上にわたって存続,フランス領ギアナの悪評の源となった。 1946年フランス本土の県と同等の地位をもつ海外県となり現在にいたっているが,現在南アメリカ大陸で唯一の非独立地域である。経済的には全面的にフランス本土に依存,農業も自給にほど遠く,食糧の輸入が年々増えている。膨大な森林資源はほとんど未開発。しかし近年漁業が発展し,エビを中心とした漁獲は輸出にも向けられている。エビの缶詰・冷凍工場もあり,製品はおもに日本,アメリカ合衆国に輸出される。鉱産物として金がある。鉄道はなく,道路も沿岸部を除くと未発達で,交通はおもに河川と空路による。カイエンヌに国際空港があり,クールーにはヨーロッパ宇宙機関 ESAのロケット打ち上げ基地がある。面積 8万3534km2。人口 24万3000(2011推計)。
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