Crossing - Kouhai (English spelling)

Japanese: 交配 - こうはい(英語表記)crossing
Crossing - Kouhai (English spelling)

The act of pollination or fertilization between two individuals. Although mating is used regardless of whether the parents have the same genotype, mating between two individuals with different genotypes is called hybridization.

When breeding livestock, breeding goals are first established, appropriate selection is performed, and the breeding method is carried out according to the goal. Therefore, breeding methods vary depending on the breeding goal. When it is desired to create a hybrid that combines the advantages of genetically distant and different species, that is, when it is desired to give a specific trait or to expect hybrid vigor that produces a first generation hybrid ( F1 ) that is superior to either of the parents, intergeneric mating, which is a mating between species of different genera, or interspecific mating, which is a mating between species of the same genus but different species, is carried out. In these cases, in most cases, only F1 is obtained because both sexes or one of them (males in mammals and females in birds) are infertile. Examples of intergeneric mating include the Catalo, which is resistant to tick fever and is an F1 product of a cow and an American bison (American goat), and the Touhoan'er, which is an F1 product of a duck and a Muscovy duck and is early maturing and fertile. Interspecies crossbreeding, the F1 product of a female horse and a male donkey, produces the mule, which is strong, durable, has a rough and light diet, and is prized as a draught animal.

Crossbreeding between different breeds is called interbreed crossbreeding, or simply crossbreeding. The offspring of crossbreeding are called crossbreeds or hybrids. Crossbreeding is used to impart specific characteristics of one breed to the other, to create a new breed that has the different advantages of two or more breeds, or when hybrid vigor is expected. Examples include the thoroughbred, which was created by crossing a native British horse with an Arabian or other oriental horse, and the Corriedale, a dual-purpose breed created by crossing a Merino sheep with a British Longhair. In addition, if you want to replace the breed you currently have with another more desirable breed but cannot do so all at once for economic reasons, you can use progressive crossbreeding to make the breed closer to the new breed by crossbreeding it for several generations.

On the other hand, when one wishes to genetically fix an extremely superior trait, inbreeding, which is mating between individuals who are particularly related by blood, is carried out. In this case, no dramatic improvement in ability is seen, but there is the highest possibility of homogenization of genes, and as a result, undesirable recessive genetic traits may also be homogenized and appear in the phenotype, making it a suitable method for detecting recessive genes. When an excellent individual appears in this way, and one wishes to produce and maintain a population of that trait, selective mating within the same lineage as that individual is carried out, i.e. lineage mating. This inevitably involves a considerable degree of inbreeding, but a trait population that has been homogenized and established using this method is called an inbred lineage.

[Nishida Tomoko]

[References] | Breeding

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2個体間で受粉あるいは受精を行うこと。交配は、両親の遺伝子型の異同は問題とせずに用いるが、とくに遺伝子型の異なる2個体間の交配は交雑とよばれる。

 家畜の交配は、まず育種の目標を確立し、それにふさわしい選抜を行い、その目標にかなった方法で行われる。したがって育種目標に応じて交配の仕方も異なる。遺伝的に遠く、相異なるものの長所をあわせもった雑種をつくりたい場合、すなわち特定形質の付与、あるいは両親のいずれかよりも優れた一代雑種(F1)をつくる雑種強勢を期待したい場合には、属を異にするものどうしの交配である属間交配、または同じ属に入るが種を異にする種間交配を行う。これらの場合、多くは雌雄とも、またはどちらか一方(哺乳(ほにゅう)類では雄、鳥類では雌)が不妊のためF1のみしか得られない。属間交配の実例としては、ウシとアメリカバイソン(アメリカヤギュウ)のF1でダニ熱に強いカタロ、アヒルとバリケンのF1で早熟早肥の土蕃鴨(トウホアンアー)などがある。種間交配では、雌ウマと雄ロバのF1で、強健で耐久力があり粗食、少食で役畜として賞用されているラバがある。

 異品種間の交配を品種間交配といい、単に交雑ともいわれる。交雑によってできた子を交雑種または雑種という。この交配は、一方の品種の特定形質の他方への付与、二つ以上の品種のもつ相異なる長所を有する新品種の作出、雑種強勢を期待する場合などに用いられる。例としては、イギリス在来馬とアラブなど東洋種のウマとの交配によってできたサラブレッド、ヒツジのメリノーとイギリス長毛種などとの交雑によってつくられた毛肉兼用種のコリデールがある。また、現在飼っている品種をほかのより望ましい品種に取り替えたいが経済的理由などで一挙にできない場合には、数代重ねて交配しその品種に近づける累進交配を行う。

 一方、非常に優れた形質を遺伝的に固定したい場合、とくに血縁関係にある個体どうしの交配である近親交配が行われる。この場合、能力の飛躍的向上はみられないが、遺伝子のホモ化する可能性がもっとも高く、その結果好ましくない劣性遺伝形質もホモ化され表現型に出ることもあるので、劣性遺伝子の摘発にも適した方法である。このように優れた個体が出現し、その形質集団を作出維持したいとき、その個体と同一の系統内での選抜による交配、すなわち系統交配が行われる。必然的にかなりの近親交配を伴うが、この方法によりホモ化され確立された形質集団を近交系という。

[西田恂子]

[参照項目] | 育種

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Halo - Halo

>>:  Takano Moroyasu

Recommend

《Spinning brush》 - Kaigaijohhitsu

…With the literary-loving widow Oji as his scribe...

Makubetsu [town] - Makubetsu

A town in Nakagawa-gun, Hokkaido. Adjacent to Obih...

Gas bushing

…Most widely used for high voltage. (4) Gas bushi...

Sheep spot - Yohan

They are also called floccules or chromospheric wh...

Dievas

...The following names of gods are abbreviated as...

Mino School - Mino

A school of haiku poetry founded by the Shomon ha...

Nanjo clan

A powerful local lord in medieval Hoki Province. A...

Genabum

... As a key transportation point since ancient t...

Basileios I Makedōn

827‐886 Byzantine Emperor. Reigned 867-886. Born i...

Reverse - Sakau

[1] (Self-Ha 4) ① To turn one's back on someon...

Diary of a Parrot in a Cage

The diary of Asahi Shigeaki, a samurai of the Nago...

Livingstone, D.

…British African explorer. He is a typical explor...

Akatateha (English spelling) Indian red admiral

This butterfly belongs to the order Lepidoptera, ...

Sannohe [town] - Sannohe

A town in Sannohe County in the southeastern part ...

Uchiura (Ishikawa)

...The highest point is Mount Konosu (567m) in Wa...