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A Turkic northern nomadic tribe that appeared in China during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. The name was derived from the Chinese name for the tribe, which was derived from their use of high-wheeled chariots. During the Han dynasty, the Dingling tribe lived between the upper reaches of the Angara and Yenisei rivers north of Lake Baikal. Eventually, some of them migrated to the Central Plains, while others migrated south to the northern desert. Six tribes lived around the Orkhon and Tuula rivers, and 12 tribes lived from the Selenga River to the Altai Mountains. The northern desert settlements were called Gaoche and Chokulu, and in the early 5th century they were subordinate to the Rouran, but after the Northern Wei Dynasty's expedition, many of the settlements were forced to migrate to the Chinese interior again. However, the remaining settlements in the northern desert moved west of the Altai Mountains under the leadership of Afuzhira at the end of the 5th century, and established an independent state. The country was divided into north and south, with Afuzhira ruling in the north and his cousin Qiongqi in the south. They also controlled the oasis states, confronted the Rouran in the east and the Hephthalites in the west, and had diplomatic relations with the Northern Wei. However, as the Hephthalites' power grew, they came under pressure. In the early 6th century, they were defeated by the Rouran, their king was killed, and their people surrendered to the Hephthalites. They later recovered with the help of the Hephthalites, but were defeated again by the Rouran, and finally lost to the Turks in 546 and were annexed. Xue Yantuo and Huihe of the Tang Dynasty are said to be their descendants.

[Isao Katagiri]

"Masao Mori's translation and annotated version of "The Legend of Takasha" (included in "History of the Horse-riding Peoples I", Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、南北朝期に現れたトルコ系北方遊牧民族。その名は、彼らが高輪の車を使用したことに由来した中国の呼称である。漢代にはバイカル湖以北のアンガラ、エニセイ両川上流の間に住んでいた丁零(ていれい)族が、やがて一部は中原(ちゅうげん)に、一部は漠北(ばくほく)に南下移住し、オルホン川、トーラ川周辺の6種、セレンガ川からアルタイ山脈にかけての12族などが集落単位で分散居住していた。漠北の集落群は高車、勅勒(ちょくろく)とよばれ、5世紀初めには柔然(じゅうぜん)に服属していたが、北魏(ほくぎ)の遠征を受け、ふたたびかなりの集落が中国内地へ移住させられた。しかし漠北に残った集落群は5世紀末、阿伏至羅(あふくしら)に率いられ、アルタイ山脈以西へ移り、独立国家を樹立した。その国は南北に分かれて統治され、北は阿伏至羅が、南はその従弟の窮奇(きゅうき)が治め、さらにオアシス諸国家をも支配して、東では柔然と、西ではエフタルと対峙(たいじ)し、北魏とも通交した。しかし、エフタルの勢力伸張に伴い、その圧力を受けた。6世紀初めには柔然に破られ、国王は殺され、国民はエフタルに投降した。のちエフタルの援助で再興したが、ふたたび柔然に敗れ、ついに546年、突厥(とっけつ)に敗れ、併合された。唐代の薛延陀(せつえんだ)、回紇(かいこつ)は彼らの後裔(こうえい)とされている。

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『護雅夫訳注「高車伝」（『騎馬民族史Ⅰ』所収・平凡社・東洋文庫）』

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