Official Discount Rate

Japanese: 公定歩合 - こうていぶあい
Official Discount Rate

The base interest rate applied when the Bank of Japan lends to private financial institutions. In August 2006, the name was changed to "Base Discount Rate and Base Lending Rate."

The official discount rate is determined by the Policy Board of the Bank of Japan, acting as the lender of last resort to prevent instability in the financial system. During the period of high economic growth, private financial institutions, especially city banks, suffered from a shortage of funds under the artificially low interest rate policy and fell into over-loans, becoming permanently dependent on loans from the Bank of Japan. The change in the Bank of Japan lending rate was a policy rate that showed the stance of monetary policy, as it greatly exerted the cost of funds effect that directly affected the deposit and lending rates of private financial institutions. After financial liberalization, the announcement effect, which shows how the Bank of Japan judges the economic situation based on the private sector's confidence in the Bank of Japan, has been emphasized, and it has become an emergency measure to maintain credit order. In March 2001, the complementary lending (Lombard-type lending) system was introduced, and as long as the predetermined conditions are met, it became a base interest rate at which financial institutions could borrow as much short-term funds as they wanted.

The official discount rate hit a record low of 0.1% in September 2001, but was raised to 0.4% in July 2006 for the first time in about five years. In August of the same year, as the term "policy interest rate" no longer had any meaning, the name was changed to "basic discount rate and basic lending rate."

After financial deregulation, market interest rates came to be determined by the supply and demand of call money, and the role of the base rate of market interest rates disappeared, becoming the upper limit of the call rate. It was changed to 0.75% in February 2007, and was successively lowered to 0.5% in October 2008, and to 0.3% in December. The interest rate for special loans from the Bank of Japan applied in the event of a financial crisis is set at 0.5% above the base lending rate.

[Kunihiko Kaneko]

[Reference] | Interest rate policy | Call rate

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本銀行が民間金融機関に貸し出す際に適用された基準金利。2006年(平成18)8月からは名称を「基準割引率および基準貸付利率」に変更した。

 公定歩合は、金融システムの動揺を食い止めるために、最後の貸手機能を発揮して日本銀行政策委員会において決定される。高度成長時代には、人為的低金利政策の下で資金不足に悩まされていた民間金融機関、とくに都市銀行がオーバーローンに陥り、日本銀行貸出に恒常的に依存していた。日本銀行貸出利率であるその変更は、民間金融機関の預金金利や貸出金利に直接影響を与える資金コスト効果が大いに発揮され、金融政策のスタンスを示す政策金利であった。金融自由化以降は、民間の日本銀行に対する信認を基に、日本銀行が景気の状況をどのように判断しているかを表すアナウンスメント効果が重視され、信用秩序の維持のための緊急措置的手段となっている。2001年3月から補完貸付(ロンバート型貸付)制度が導入され、あらかじめ定められた条件を満たす限り、金融機関が望むだけ短期資金を借り入れられる基準金利となった。

 公定歩合は2001年9月に過去最低水準の0.1%となったが、2006年7月に0.4%へ約5年ぶりに引き上げられ、同年8月からは政策金利の意味が消滅したのに伴い、名称を「基準割引率および基準貸付利率」に変更された。

 金融自由化後の市中金利はコールの需給で決められるようになり、市中金利の基準金利の役割は消滅し、コールレートの上限金利となった。2007年2月から0.75%に変更され、2008年10月に0.5%、12月からは0.3%に相次いで引き下げられた。金融危機の際に適用される日本銀行特別融資は基準貸付利率に0.5%上乗せした金利が設定される。

[金子邦彦]

[参照項目] | 金利政策 | コールレート

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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