Shift system - shift work

Japanese: 交替制 - こうたいせい
Shift system - shift work

This is a work system in which workers are organized into two or more groups, and each group takes turns working on the same task. There are various organizational methods, such as a two-shift system (two eight-hour shifts, two 12-hour day and night shifts), a three-shift system (three shifts on three shifts, four shifts on three shifts, and a day and night shift system as seen in taxi drivers. This makes it possible to continue production without idle production facilities and to provide services even at night.

This type of shift system has been widely adopted since the Industrial Revolution, beginning with the relay system introduced in British cotton mills (where child workers were divided into two groups and worked in six-hour shifts) because it increases profit margins and shortens the amortization of capital investments by allowing production facilities to operate continuously. On the other hand, continuous operation is unavoidable in process industries such as steel and chemicals due to the necessity of production technology, and public utilities such as electricity, gas, transportation, and hospitals must continue to provide services at night due to the public nature of their businesses. For this reason, these sectors have attempted to solve these problems by introducing shift systems.

However, from the workers' point of view, shift work, especially night work, is not only physically and mentally painful because it forces them to live a life of continuous day and night, but also has a serious impact on their health and family life. In other words, night work is more likely to lead to lack of sleep, loss of appetite, and accumulation of fatigue compared to daytime work, which can lead to occupational diseases and work-related accidents, and also makes family life very irregular. Therefore, the introduction of a shift system should be kept to the bare minimum as much as possible, and even if it is introduced, it is necessary to provide maximum protection for workers.

Incidentally, according to the 1983 edition of "The Actual State of Wage and Working Hour Systems" (compiled by the Statistics and Information Department of the Ministry of Labor), 15.8% of companies in Japan have introduced a shift system, but among large companies with more than 1,000 employees, the proportion reaches 49.7%.

[Yoshio Yuasa]

"Shift Work" edited by Saito Hajime (1979, Institute of Labor Science Publishing Division)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働者を2組以上の班に編成して、それぞれ交替で同一作業に従事させる勤務制度をいう。これには二交替制(8時間二交替制、12時間ずつの昼夜二交替制)、三交替制(三直三交替制、四直三交替制)、タクシーの運転手にみられるような一昼夜交替制など種々の編成方式がある。これによって、生産設備を遊休させることなく継続して生産を行ったり、夜間においてもサービスを提供することが可能になる。

 このような交替制は生産設備の連続稼動によって利潤率を高め、設備投資の償却を短期化するがゆえに、イギリスの綿工場に導入されたリレー制度(児童労働者を2組の班に分け、6時間ずつ交替で使役した)をはじめとして、産業革命の時代から広く採用されてきた。他方、鉄鋼、化学などの装置産業においては、生産技術上の必要から連続操業が不可避であり、また、電気、ガス、運輸、病院などの公益事業においても、その事業の公共的性格ゆえに、夜間においてもそのサービスを継続しなければならない。このため、これらの部門においては交替制の導入によってその解決が図られてきた。

 しかし、労働者の側からするならば、交替制労働、とくに深夜労働を伴うそれは、昼夜転倒の生活を彼らに強いるがゆえに、肉体的・精神的に苦痛であるばかりか、彼らの健康や家庭生活に重大な影響を与える。すなわち、深夜労働は昼間の労働と比較して、睡眠不足、食欲不振、疲労の蓄積をもたらしやすく、職業病や労働災害を誘発するし、また、家庭生活においても家族の生活時間を非常に不規則なものにする。したがって、交替制の導入はできる限り必要最低限にとどめ、たとえそれが導入されても労働者に対して最大限の保護を施す必要がある。

 ちなみに、1983年(昭和58)版『賃金・労働時間制度の実態』(労働省統計情報部編)によると、日本において交替制を導入している企業は15.8%であるが、従業員1000人以上の大企業においては、その比率が49.7%に達している。

[湯浅良雄]

『斎藤一監修『交替制勤務』(1979・労働科学研究所出版部)』

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