Gongsun Dragon

Japanese: 公孫竜 - こうそんりゅう
Gongsun Dragon

A thinker belonging to a distinguished family in China during the late Zhou and Warring States periods (3rd century BC). He is thought to have lived between 284 BC and 258 BC, but his birth and death years are unknown. A native of the state of Zhao, he was treated well as a guest of the state's powerful Pingyuan Jun, but later retired when Zou Yan, a thinker of the five elements, was given preferential treatment. His ideas are preserved in the six extant chapters of the Gongsun Longzi. Although he is generally considered to be a logical school of thought, Gongsun Long was not only interested in argumentation. He should be praised for systematically constructing a theory of epistemology through argumentation.

Of the six essays, the most fundamental is "The Theory of Name and Reality." He considers what constitutes an object (substance) to be substance (matter, content, material), and what limits that substance to be place (form, appearance), and that after such a process of cognition, an object can be given a name (name), and that an object so named is an individual object that is distinct from others. "The Theory of the White Horse" states that form (horse) and attribute (white) should be strictly distinguished. "The Theory of Hard and White" refers to the distinction between the essential attribute "hardness" and the accidental attribute "whiteness." "The Theory of Pointing Things" refers to the relationship between the object (object), the indicating action, and the indicater, and the distinction between them. "The Theory of Transmutation" is difficult to understand, but describes the concept of numbers and methods of classification and differentiation. "The Traces of the Master" is a brief biography and introductory book by Gongsun Long's disciples. In general, the contents are conceptual theory and semantics. Its philosophical stance is nominalism. Although the successors of the work died out once, it was reevaluated during the debates over naming and theories during the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods, and thereafter it was treated as a document on the Taoist side.

[Nobuyuki Kaji, December 14, 2015]

[Reference item] | Hirahara-kun | Famous family

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、周末戦国期(前3世紀)の名家に属する思想家。紀元前284年から前258年までの間は生存していたと考えられるが、生没年は未詳。趙(ちょう)国出身で、同国の豪族平原君(へいげんくん)の食客となり優遇されたが、のちに五行思想家の鄒衍(すうえん)が厚遇されたため退いた。その思想は現存『公孫竜子』6篇(へん)に残されている。普通、論理学派とされるが、公孫竜は論証だけに関心があったわけではない。論証を通じて認識論を体系的に組み立てた点を評価すべきである。

 6篇のうち、根本となるのは「名実論」である。彼は、物(物体)を構成するものを実(物質・内容・質料)とし、その実を制限するものを位(形式・形相)とし、そのような認識過程ののちに物に名(名称)を与えることができるとし、そのように命名された物は他と区別される個物とする。「白馬論」では、形式(馬)と属性(白)とは厳密に区別すべきであることをいう。「堅白論」では、本質的属性である〈堅いこと〉と偶有的属性である〈白いこと〉との区別をいう。「指物論」では、対象である物と指示行為と指示者との三者の関係とその区別をいう。「通変論」は難解であるが、数の概念や分類分別の方法を述べている。「跡府」は、公孫竜の弟子たちによる師の略伝と入門書である。この内容を総じていえば、概念論であり意味論である。その哲学的立場は唯名論的である。継承者は一度絶えるが、魏(ぎ)・晋(しん)・南北朝期の名理論争において再評価され、その後は道家側の文献として扱われる。

[加地伸行 2015年12月14日]

[参照項目] | 平原君 | 名家

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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