Sidereal time

Japanese: 恒星時 - こうせいじ
Sidereal time

A sidereal day is the time from when the vernal equinox (the point where the celestial ecliptic crosses the equator from south to north) culminates on a meridian at a certain point until it culminates again the next day, and this is divided into 24 equal parts to make an hour, then 60 equal parts to make a minute, and then 60 equal parts to make a second. The vernal equinox moves westward along the ecliptic by 50 seconds per year due to a phenomenon called precession, and also oscillates due to nutation. There are two types of sidereal time: the mean vernal equinox, which moves on the celestial sphere only due to precession, and the true vernal equinox, which moves every moment due to precession and nutation. The former is called mean sidereal time, and the latter is called apparent sidereal time. The time when the vernal equinox culminates differs in different places depending on the difference in longitude, and this is called local sidereal time.

The position of a star is expressed by right ascension and declination. Right ascension is expressed as hours, minutes and seconds eastward, with 1 o'clock at 15 degrees on the equator from the vernal equinox. When the vernal equinox reaches its culmination on a meridian at a certain point, local sidereal time is 0 o'clock. If the vernal equinox moves 15 degrees west due to the Earth's rotation, local sidereal time is 1 o'clock, and the star at right ascension 1 o'clock reaches its culmination. If the vernal equinox moves 30 degrees west, local sidereal time is 2 o'clock, and the star at right ascension 2 o'clock reaches its culmination. Therefore, if the culmination of a star whose right ascension is known is observed, that right ascension gives the sidereal time for that location. Local apparent sidereal time is directly determined from observing the meridian passage of a star, and local mean sidereal time can be obtained by removing the effect of nutation from this. The relationship between mean sidereal time and the mean solar day is known from the theory of the motion of the sun, so mean solar time can be obtained from sidereal time obtained from observing the meridian passage of a star.

[Toshio Watanabe]

"Mathematical Astronomy by Toshio Watanabe (1977, Koseisha Kouseikaku)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

春分点(天の黄道が赤道を南から北へ横切る点)がある地点の子午線に南中して翌日ふたたび南中するまでの時間を恒星日1日とし、これを24等分して1時、さらに60等分して1分、これを60等分して1秒とする時制である。春分点は歳差という現象により1年につき50秒ずつ黄道上を西方に移動するのとあわせ、章動によっても振動する。恒星時には、歳差だけを受けて天球上を移動する平均春分点と、歳差と章動とを受けて刻々移動する真春分点に対する2通りが考えられる。前者を平均恒星時、後者を視恒星時という。また春分点が南中する時刻は各地で経度差だけ違うが、これを地方恒星時という。

 恒星の位置は赤経と赤緯で表され、赤経は春分点から赤道上に15度を1時として東に向かって何時何分何秒として表される。ある地点の子午線に春分点が南中したときを地方恒星時0時とし、地球の自転で春分点が西へ15度移れば地方恒星時は1時で、赤経1時の恒星が南中する。春分点が西へ30度移れば地方恒星時は2時で、赤経2時の恒星が南中する。したがって、赤経の判明している恒星の南中を観測すれば、その赤経がその地の恒星時を与える。恒星の子午線経過観測から直接求められるのは地方視恒星時で、これから章動の影響を取り去れば地方平均恒星時が得られる。平均恒星時と平均太陽日の関係は太陽の運動理論でわかっているから、恒星の子午線経過観測から得る恒星時から平均太陽時を求められる。

[渡辺敏夫]

『渡辺敏夫著『数理天文学』(1977・恒星社厚生閣)』

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