At roughly the same time in the 1870s, three economists, Jevons (England), Menger (Austria), and Walras (Lausanne), independently published their own theory of value based on marginal utility, and also introduced the method of marginal analysis into economics in earnest. This theory was further developed into the theory of production and distribution, forming the basis of today's theoretical economics, and is generally referred to as the marginal revolution. The classical school, including Adam Smith and Ricardo, had a supply-side theory of value that held that the value of a commodity was determined by the cost of production and the labor input. In contrast, Jevons, Menger, Walras, and others established a theory of value based on marginal utility, i.e., the increase in utility obtained from additional consumption. They also applied the concept of marginal utility to provide a theoretical explanation for the "paradox of value" that had been a difficult problem since Smith (for example, water is very useful but has a low value (price)), and solved it by deriving the law of diminishing marginal utility, which was later formulated. Walras was also the first to create a diagram of general equilibrium theory. The marginal productivity theory is an extension of the marginal utility theory, a subjective theory of value that explains consumer behavior, into the theory of the firm. This theory was advocated by Marshall, Wicksteed (England), Wicksell (Sweden), Clark (United States), and others from the 1890s, and it provided a unified explanation for the determination and distribution of prices of production factors. In particular, Wicksteed showed that when production factors receive compensation equal to the value of their marginal productivity, the value of the product is distributed without excess or deficiency. [Koichi Hatanaka] "Economics and the Marginal Revolution" edited by R.D. Collison Black, A.W. Coates, and C.D.W. Goodwin, translated by Junichi Okada and Tadashi Hayasaka (1975, Nihon Keizai Shimbun) [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1870年代のほぼ同じ時期にジェボンズ(イギリス)、メンガー(オーストリア)、ワルラス(ローザンヌ)という3名の経済学者が、それぞれまったく独立に限界効用に基づく価値理論を発表し、また、限界分析の方法を本格的に経済学に導入した。これはさらに生産、分配の理論にも発展し、今日の理論経済学の基礎を形づくることになったものであり、一般に限界革命とよばれている。 アダム・スミス、リカードなどの古典学派においては、商品の価値は生産費や投下労働などによって決定されるとする供給側のみの価値理論であった。それに対してジェボンズ、メンガー、ワルラスらは、追加的な消費から得られる効用の増加分、すなわち限界効用に基づく価値理論を確立した。また彼らは、スミス以来の難題であった「価値の逆説」paradox of value(たとえば水はたいへん有用であるにもかかわらず価値〈価格〉が低いこと)に理論的な説明を与えるため限界効用の概念を応用し、のちに公式化される限界効用逓減(ていげん)の法則を導いて解決した。さらにワルラスは一般均衡理論の図式を初めて作成した。 消費者行動を説明する主観的な価値理論である限界効用理論を企業の理論にまで発展させたのが限界生産力説である。これは1890年代から、マーシャル、ウィックスティード(イギリス)、ウィクセル(スウェーデン)、クラーク(アメリカ)などにより主張され、これにより生産要素価格の決定や分配論が統一的に説明されるようになった。とくにウィックスティードは、生産要素がその限界生産力の価値に等しい報酬を受け取るとき、生産物の価値は過不足なく分配され尽くすことを示した。 [畑中康一] 『R・D・コリソン・ブラック、A・W・コーツ、C・D・W・グッドウィン編著、岡田純一・早坂忠訳『経済学と限界革命』(1975・日本経済新聞社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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