It is used in various ways, but broadly speaking, (1) it has the same meaning as the standard language in contrast to dialects, but is used to avoid the normative nature of the "standard language." (2) It refers to the ideal language that is unique throughout the country and should be created in the future, and in contrast to this, it refers to the language that is actually used nationwide as a means of communication. This is called the "national common language," and the one that is used in a smaller area is called the "regional common language (local common language)," and there is also the position that in a certain linguistic society, there are dialects of that area, a common language of that area, and a national common language. (3) It refers to a language used for communication between countries with different languages, such as medieval Latin and modern English. This is the original meaning of a common language. Note that (4) it is also sometimes used to mean a proto-language or a common root language in comparative linguistics. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
いろいろの意味に使われるが,大別すれば,(1) いわゆる方言に対する標準語と同じ意味であるが,「標準語」のもつ規範性を避けるために用いる。 (2) 標準語を今後つくっていくべき全国に一つしかない理想的な言語とし,それに対して実際にいまコミュニケーションの手段として全国的に通用しているものをさす。これを「全国共通語」と呼び,より狭い地域に通用しているものを「各地共通語 (地方共通語) 」とし,ある言語社会をとれば,そこにはその土地の方言,その土地の共通語および全国共通語が行われているとする立場もある。 (3) 中世のラテン語,現代の英語のように,言語を異にする国の間のコミュニケーションに使われる言語をさす。これが元来の意味の共通語である。なお,(4) 比較言語学でいう祖語,共通基語の意味に用いられることもある。
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