Kyozuka - Kyozuka

Japanese: 経塚 - きょうづか
Kyozuka - Kyozuka

This is a small fiefdom in which Buddhist scriptures are buried underground after offering them as a memorial service. The direct purpose of burial and manifestation is the preservation of Buddhist texts based on the idea of ​​the Latter Days of the Law, which was based on Maitreya faith. It is said that it was started in China by Eshi (515-577), the second patriarch of the Tendai sect, and brought to Japan from China by Ennin (794-864). After that, burial of sutras flourished in the late Heian period, but most of it was based on Amida faith, which aimed to achieve rebirth in paradise and to gain benefits in this life. Some were also carried out for the purpose of memorial service and reverse ascetic practices, and gradually became linked to the desires of the donors themselves, moving away from the original purpose of preserving the scriptures for all eternity.

The buried sutras include the Lotus Sutra, the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, the Amitabha Sutra, the Maitreya Sutra, the Heart Sutra, the Mahavairocana Sutra, the Vajrasekhara Sutra, and the Rishuki Sutra. These sutras include those written on paper (shihonkyo), those carved on roof tiles (gakyo), those carved on copper or stone (kassekikyo), those written on wood (kokerakyo), those written on stone (rekisekikyo) (one character per stone sutra written for each character), and those written on the inside of shells. Sutras on paper are stored in sutra tubes or sutra boxes, and in some cases are buried in pebble-chamber-like remains. Mirrors and knives are often attached to ward off evil spirits, and coins, weapons, and accessories are often offered as offerings. These sutras on paper can be found from the Heian period to the Muromachi period, while tile sutras, copper plate sutras, and talc sutras are found only in the Heian period, and pebble and shell sutras are often found from the Muromachi period onwards. Sutra mounds from the Heian period were generally built on hills or southern or eastern slopes with good views of the grounds of temples and shrines, or sacred places, and were also built on Mount Kinpusen, Kumano, Mount Hiko, Mount Hakusan, and other sites related to Shugendo. Additionally, pebble sutra mounds from the Muromachi to Edo periods have been found in greater numbers in areas adjacent to the settlements of the time, and many of them have stone towers built on top.

[Shuichi Sakazume]

“Kyozuka Ronjo” written by Toshiyuki Miyake (1983, Yuzankaku Publishing)”

[References] | Sutra Tube | Kinpusen Sutra Mound | Kumano Shingu Sutra Mound

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教経典を供養ののち地下に埋納して小規模の封土を設けたもの。埋納顕現の直接的目的は、末法思想に基づく仏法書の保存にあるが、それは弥勒(みろく)信仰によるものであった。中国においては天台宗二祖慧思(えし)(515―577)によって始められ、日本では慈覚大師円仁(えんにん)(794―864)により中国からもたらされたといわれている。その後、埋経は平安後期に隆盛を極めたが、多くは極楽往生(ごくらくおうじょう)、現世利益(げんぜりやく)などを目的とした阿弥陀(あみだ)信仰によっている。さらに追善、逆修(ぎゃくしゅ)を目的として営まれるものも現れ、経典の永劫(えいごう)への保存目的という本来の目的より離れて、しだいに供養者自身の願望と結び付いていった。

 埋納経典としては、『法華経(ほけきょう)』『無量寿経(むりょうじゅきょう)』『阿弥陀経』『弥勒経』『般若心経(はんにゃしんぎょう)』『大日経(だいにちきょう)』『金剛頂経(こんごうちょうきょう)』『理趣経(りしゅきょう)』などがある。これらの経典は、紙に書写された紙本経(しほんきょう)、瓦(かわら)に刻された瓦経(がきょう)、銅・石に刻された銅板経・滑石経(かっせききょう)、木に書かれた杮経(こけらきょう)、石に書かれた礫石経(れきせききょう)(一石に一字宛(あて)書かれた一字一石経)、貝殻の内側に書かれた貝殻経などがある。紙本経は経筒(きょうづつ)あるいは経箱に収納され、さらに小石室様遺構の中に埋置される例もある。そして鏡、刀子(とうす)などを悪魔除(よ)けとして添え、また銭貨、武器、装身具類などを奉賽(ほうさい)するものが多い。この紙本経は平安時代より室町時代にかけて認められるのに対し、瓦経、銅板経、滑石経は平安時代のみ、礫石経、貝殻経は室町時代以降にみいだされることが多い。平安時代の経塚は、寺院、神社の境内地あるいは霊地の眺望のよい丘陵上とか南・東斜面に営まれるのが一般的であり、さらに修験道(しゅげんどう)関係の金峯山(きんぶせん)、熊野、英彦(ひこ)山、白山(はくさん)などにも造営されている。また、室町~江戸時代の礫石経塚は、当時の集落に接する地より多くみいだされており、上部に石塔を造立しているものが多い。

[坂詰秀一]

『三宅敏之著『経塚論攷』(1983・雄山閣出版)』

[参照項目] | 経筒 | 金峯山経塚 | 熊野新宮経塚

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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