Administrative responsibility

Japanese: 行政責任 - ぎょうせいせきにん

It refers to the responsibility that an administrative agency or its members, the public officials, ultimately bear for their actions to the people. How to effectively control the executive branch and ensure administrative accountability has long been a major issue. In modern representative states, much effort has been put into ensuring the superiority of the legislative branch over the executive branch. In particular, in parliamentary cabinet systems such as the United Kingdom, practices derived from the principle of executive oversight by the legislative branch have been emphasized, such as the formation of a cabinet based on the will of parliament, the superiority of the House of Representatives over the Senate, the system of joint responsibility of the cabinet, and the system of question time in parliamentary deliberations. In the United States, which has a separation of powers, the legislative branch has been recognized as having means of control over the executive branch, from legislative power and budgetary power to the power of investigating national affairs and the power to impeach the president. In addition to these, in both parliamentary and presidential systems, the executive branch is controlled by the courts and the Board of Audit, and there has been some interest in establishing a system of self-control within the executive branch.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

行政機関もしくはその構成員である公務員が，自己の行為に関して究極的には民衆に対し負う責任をいう。どのような方法で効果的に行政部を統制し，行政責任を確保するかは昔から重大な問題であった。近代の代議制国家では，行政部に対する立法部の優位の確保に多くの努力が注がれてきた。特にイギリスのような議院内閣制の国では議会の意思に基づく内閣の形成，下院の上院に対する優越，内閣の連帯責任制，議会審議における質問時間の制度など，立法部による行政監督の原理から派生した慣行が重視されてきた。また三権分立制をとるアメリカ合衆国においても，立法権や予算編成権から国政調査権あるいは大統領弾劾権にいたるまで，立法部の行政部に対する統制手段が認められてきた。さらにこれらに加えて，議院内閣制と大統領制とを問わず，裁判所や会計検査院などによる行政部統制がはかられるとともに，行政内部でも自己統制制度の整備に一応の関心が払われてきた。

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