A Russian-born French painter, he is considered the founder of lyrical abstract painting. Born on December 5th in Moscow to a wealthy family, he initially studied law and political science. In 1889, he was impressed by Russian folk art while on a rural survey in Vorogoda Oblast, and in 1895 was inspired by Monet at a French Impressionist exhibition. The following year, he was offered a professorship in law at the University of Dorpat (Estonia), but he decided to devote himself to painting, and went to Munich to study painting. In 1900, he studied under Franz von Stuck at the Academia. In 1901, he founded the artist group "Phalanx" and exhibited at their exhibitions. After traveling to the Netherlands, Italy, Tunisia, and other countries, he lived in Sèvres for about a year in 1906. After returning to Japan, he founded the Association of New Artists with Jawlensky, Kubin, and others. His works from this period were primarily based on nature, but he also showed a growing subjective tendency to paint the emotions that nature evokes "from the heart" and to emphasize brushstrokes and colors. He first approached abstraction in 1908, while living in Murnau with Gabriel Münter. One evening, returning to his studio, he noticed a work on the wall that was full of "inner radiance." He could not tell what it was, but felt that the painting was made up of shape and color alone. He soon realized that the painting was hung upside down, and from then on he realized that the subject was unnecessary, and began to entrust all of his expression to color. In works such as "Landscape with a Bell Tower" (1909, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris), the subject barely retains its original form. In 1910, he created his first purely lyrical abstraction with the watercolor series "Impromptu" or "Composition." He created oil painting abstraction in 1911. Around this time, he wrote about his ideas for a new kind of painting, which was published in Munich in 1912 as "The Spiritual in Art." It was in 1911 that Kandinsky met Franz Marc, left the New Artists Association, and founded the Blue Rider with him. This was originally an editorial department aimed at publishing the Almanac, which was published in May 1912, but prior to that, two exhibitions were organized in 1911 and 1912, which became a signal for German Expressionism following the Dresden Bridge School. In 1912, he held a solo exhibition at the Der Storm (Storm) Gallery in Berlin. However, the Expressionist movement temporarily declined due to World War I, and Kandinsky returned to Russia. During the Revolution, he was involved in various activities such as art committee member and academy professor, but after participating in the establishment of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1921, he left his home country at the end of the same year to become a professor at the Bauhaus in Weimar. From this time, he began to use a style of "lyrical geometrism" that made full use of definite forms as "symbols" and "signs" instead of the traditional fluid brushstrokes and forms. In 1926, he published "Point, Line, Plane". He moved with the Bauhaus to Dessau and Berlin, and after the Bauhaus closed in 1933, he moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine on the outskirts of Paris. In 1939, he became a naturalized French citizen. His style also developed into the final style that composed of minute organic forms and strange hieroglyphic shapes. He died on December 13, 1944. It was not until after World War II that his work and its newness were fully recognized. [Kimio Nakayama] "Kandinsky Complete Works" translated by Hideho Nishida et al., 4 volumes (1979, Bijutsu Shuppansha)" ▽ "Kandinsky Complete Oil Paintings Catalog" edited by H.K. Rethel and J.K. Benjamin, translated by Hideho Nishida et al., 2 volumes (1987, 89, Iwanami Shoten)" [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア生まれのフランスの画家。叙情的抽象絵画の始祖というべき存在。12月5日モスクワの富裕な家庭に生まれ、最初は法律と政治学を学ぶ。1889年ボロゴダ州に農村調査に出かけたときロシアの民族美術に感銘を受け、95年にはフランス印象派展のモネに啓示を受ける。翌年ドルパト大学(エストニア)の法学教授の席を提供されたが、絵画に専心することを決意し、ミュンヘンに出て絵画を学ぶ。1900年アカデミアでフランツ・フォン・シュトウックに就く。01年芸術家集団「ファランクス(方陣)」を創立、その展覧会に出品。オランダ、イタリア、チュニジアなどを旅行後、06年セーブルに約1年住む。帰国後、ヤウレンスキー、クービンらとともに新芸術家協会を創立。このころの作品はもっぱら自然に即して描かれてはいたが、しかし、自然の与える情感を「心によって」描くこと、筆触と色彩を強調する主観的傾向を強める。 彼が「抽象」に接近するのは、1908年、ガブリエル・ミュンターとともにミュルナウに住んでいたときである。ある夕方、アトリエに帰った彼は、壁面の一点の作品が「内的な輝き」に満ち、何が描いてあるかはわからないが、形と色だけで画(え)が成立していると感ずる。それは、彼の画が逆さにかかっていたものとすぐに気がつくが、以来、彼は対象が不必要だと悟り、色彩に表現のすべてを託し始める。『鐘塔のある風景』(1909・パリ国立近代美術館)などでは、ほとんど対象は原形をとどめていない。ついで10年『即興曲』あるいは『コンポジシォン』の水彩連作で、最初の純粋な叙情的抽象が成立する。油彩抽象の成立は11年。この前後、彼は新しい絵画についての理念を執筆していたが、これが『芸術における精神的なもの』としてミュンヘンで出版(1912)される。 またフランツ・マルクと出会い、新芸術家協会を脱退して、マルクとともに「青騎士」を創立するのも11年である。これは本来「年鑑」の出版を目的とした編集部で、12年5月に年鑑は出版されたが、それ以前、11年および12年の2回にわたって展覧会が組織され、ドレスデンの「橋」派に続くドイツ表現主義ののろしとなる。12年「嵐(デア・シュトルム)」画廊(ベルリン)で個展開催。しかし、第一次世界大戦によって表現主義運動も一時期後退となり、カンディンスキーもロシアに帰った。 大革命時には、芸術委員、アカデミーの教授など種々の活動に携わるが、1921年、芸術科学アカデミーの創設に携わったあと、同年末、故国を離れ、ワイマールのバウハウス教授となる。このころから、従来の流動的な筆触、形態にかわって、「象徴」「記号」としての確定的な形態を駆使した「叙情的幾何学主義」の様式が始まる。26年『点・線・面』の刊行。バウハウスとともにデッサウ、ベルリンに移り、33年のバウハウス閉鎖後、パリ郊外のヌーイ・シュル・セーヌに移住。39年にはフランスに帰化した。作風も、微細な有機的形態、奇妙な象形文字風の形を構成する最後の様式を展開させた。44年12月13日没。彼の作品とその新しさが完全な評価を得たのは第二次大戦後であった。 [中山公男] 『西田秀穂他訳『カンディンスキー著作集』全4巻(1979・美術出版社)』▽『H・K・レーテル、J・K・ベンジャミン編、西田秀穂他訳『カンディンスキー 全油彩総目録』全2冊(1987、89・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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