Forced cultivation system - Cultuur-stelsel

A colonial economic policy that was started by the Netherlands in Java in 1830. The history of Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia began with the forced supply of spices, but in the early 18th century, the Netherlands, noticing the growing demand for coffee in Europe, forced the cultivation of coffee in western Java and obligated the local chiefs to supply the produce. Furthermore, as they expanded their territory to central and eastern Java from the mid-18th century, they turned their attention to the abundant rice there and created the "village leasing system," in which entire villages in rice paddy areas were rented to overseas Chinese and others to produce and sell the rice. This system was devised as a link between the "forced supply system" from the beginning of the rule and the later "village leasing system," in other words, by selecting European or overseas Chinese contractors and making them responsible for the cultivation, manufacturing, and supply of commercial crops, while imposing on the village ruling class the obligation to manage everything from the selection of land for each village to the provision of labor for cultivation and other purposes, in order to supply crops to the European market. In 1830, Governor Van den Bosch implemented this system in order to save the Netherlands from a financial crisis and to compensate for the huge expenses incurred by the colony due to the Java War and other events, but for the farmers who were actually forced to grow commercial crops, the arbitrary policies often took away not only their labor but also their ancestral farming rights to the land in their villages. In particular, the cultivation of indigo and sugar cane put a strong strain on the farmers' rice farming. The Farmland Act and Sugar Act were enacted in 1870, putting an end to this system for the time being, but it was actually after this that colonial rule developed into a more sophisticated stage.

[Hiroyuki Mori]

"Modern History of Southeast Asia I" by Hisanori Wada, Hiroyuki Mori, and Tsuneyuki Suzuki (1977, Yamakawa Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ジャワ島で1830年からオランダによって始められた植民地経済政策。インドネシア地域におけるオランダの植民地支配の歴史は香料供出の強制を幕開きとするが、18世紀初頭ヨーロッパにおけるコーヒー需要の増大に着目したオランダは、ジャワ島西部にそれを栽培させ、住民首長層に対し産物の供出を義務づけた。さらに18世紀なかば以降ジャワ島中・東部にも支配領域を広げた彼らは、その地の豊かな米に注目し、華僑(かきょう)などに水田地帯の村落をまるごと貸して米の生産販売を任せる「村落賃貸制」を生み出した。支配当初からの「強制供出制」と後の「村落賃貸制」の連接、つまり、ヨーロッパ人または華僑の請負人を選び、商品作物の栽培、製品化、供出の責任を負わせ、他方、村落支配者層には村落単位の用地選定から栽培その他の労働力提供の管理義務を課すという形で、ヨーロッパ市場向け作物供出を図って案出されたのが、この制度である。1830年、時の総督ファン・デン・ボスがこの制度の実施に踏み切ったのは、オランダ本国の財政危機を救い、ジャワ戦争などによる植民地における膨大な出費を償うためであったが、商品作物を実際に栽培させられた農民にとっては、労働力とともに、村落内の土地に対する父祖伝来の耕作権も恣意(しい)的な政策によって奪われることがしばしば起こった。ことに藍(あい)と甘蔗(かんしょ)（サトウキビ）の栽培は農民の米作に強い圧迫を加えた。1870年には農地法、砂糖法が出されてこの制度にもいちおうの終止符が打たれたが、植民地支配がより巧妙な段階へと展開するのは、実はこれ以後であった。

［森　弘之］

『和田久徳・森弘之・鈴木恒之著『東南アジア現代史I』（1977・山川出版社）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例