A ring-shaped dyke. When a volcano erupts catastrophically and creates a caldera, the magma in the underground magma chamber erupts all at once, creating a temporary underground cavity. Since a large underground cavity cannot be maintained, the rock above the cavity collapses, forming a cylindrical fault that widens slightly downward. When this happens, the remaining magma is squeezed out and intrudes along the cylindrical fault, resulting in the formation of a cylindrical dyke. When this erodes over a long period of time and appears on the earth's surface, the ring-shaped dyke can be seen on a topographical map. The appearance of a ring-shaped dyke on the earth's surface means that a caldera, a topographical depression, was once formed in a place that is no longer visible. Such a collapsed structure is called a cauldron. The Okueyama volcanic-plutonic complex (composite rock mass) of the middle Miocene of the Cenozoic era, which is distributed from northern Miyazaki Prefecture to Oita Prefecture, has an elliptical ring-shaped dike that stretches 35 km east to west and 22 km north to south, and reaches up to 1 km wide. This ring-shaped dike is more resistant to erosion than the surrounding Shimanto accretionary complex, and is recognized as a steep mountain ridge. The word "dike" originally means a wall in English, and has been adopted as a geological term, and a huge wall can be seen near Okueyama. [Akihiro Murata] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
指輪のような環状(リングring)になった岩脈。火山が、カルデラをつくるような破局噴火をして、地下のマグマ溜まりにあったマグマが一気に噴出すると、一時的に地下に空洞ができる。地下の大きな空洞は保持できないため、この空洞の上の岩石は、下に少し広がった円筒形の断層ができることによって陥没する。この際、残っていたマグマが絞り出されて円筒形の断層の部分に沿って貫入し、結果的に円筒状の岩脈が形成される。これが長い年月かかって浸食され地表に現れると、地形図で環状の岩脈が見られることになる。環状岩脈が地表に現れ見られるということは、地形的な凹みであるカルデラが、現在は見られない場所に、かつて形成されていたことを意味する。このような陥没構造として残っているものをコールドロンcauldronとよぶ。 宮崎県北部から大分県にかけて分布する新生代中新世中期の大崩山(おおくえやま)火山‐深成コンプレックス(複合岩体)では、東西35キロメートル、南北22キロメートルの楕円形(だえんけい)の環状岩脈が存在し、岩脈は最大で幅1キロメートルにも達する。この環状岩脈は、周辺の四万十帯(しまんとたい)の付加コンプレックスよりも浸食に対して強いため、切り立った山稜として認められる。なお、岩脈dikeとは、本来は塀という意味の英語が、地質用語に転用されたものであり、大崩山付近ではまさに巨大な塀の存在が見られる。 [村田明広] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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