A medical examiner is a doctor who performs autopsies and dissections on abnormal corpses. Before World War II, pathological autopsies, legal autopsies, and systematic autopsies were performed in Japan, but administrative autopsies were not. After the war, Japan's cities were filled with homeless people and infectious diseases were rampant, creating a significant chaos and poor social environment. In order to improve public health, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ) requested the government to quickly implement a scientific system to clarify the cause of death of corpses with unknown causes. As a result, in January 1947 (Showa 22), the Ministry of Health and Welfare Ordinance on the investigation of the cause of death of corpses with unknown causes was enacted, and in June 1949, the Corpse Dissection and Preservation Law was enacted, and the medical examiner system was implemented in major cities. Medical examiners perform autopsies on all abnormal corpses, and if necessary, perform autopsies to determine the cause of death. Autopsies performed by medical examiners are called administrative autopsies. Medical examiners are usually doctors who specialize in forensic medicine or pathology. [Tadataka Funao] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
異常死体の検屍(けんし)や解剖を行う医師をいう。第二次世界大戦前、わが国では病理解剖、司法解剖、系統解剖は行われていたが、行政解剖は行われていなかった。戦後、日本の諸都市では浮浪者があふれ、伝染病が蔓延(まんえん)するなど著しい混乱と劣悪な社会環境を生じ、連合国最高司令部(GHQ)は公衆衛生の向上を図るため、死因不明の死体についてその死因を明らかにするための科学的な制度を早急に実施するよう政府に申し入れた。その結果、1947年(昭和22)1月に死因不明死体の死因調査に関する厚生省令が制定され、さらに49年6月に死体解剖保存法が制定されて主要都市に監察医制度が施行されるに至った。監察医はすべての異常死体の検案を行い、必要があれば剖検して死因の究明にあたっている。監察医の行う解剖を行政解剖と称している。また監察医には通常、法医学、病理学を専攻する医師が多い。 [船尾忠孝] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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