…In contrast, the lungs of land animals are organs adapted to breathing air, and in vertebrates they are formed as a bulge in the esophagus, and by drawing air into them, they can prevent the gas exchange surface from drying out. In most animals, whether they breathe through gills or through lungs, water is exchanged and ventilation is performed by breathing movements to keep the respiratory surface constantly exposed to fresh water and air. In fish, the direction of the water flow on the surface of the gills caused by breathing movements is opposite to the direction of the blood flow in the capillaries of the gills, and it is known that gas exchange is extremely efficient. … From [Respiratory function]…Whether respiratory function is sufficient is ultimately determined by whether the body can supply the amount of arterial blood of normal composition required by the body. Before oxygen can reach the arteries of the body from the outside world, fresh air is taken into the alveoli, which replaces the gas in the alveoli that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide (ventilation), oxygen passes from the alveoli through the alveolar-capillary membrane (respiratory membrane) into the pulmonary capillaries (diffusion), blood in the pulmonary capillaries collects (pulmonary circulation), and is sent to the entire body via the left ventricle. Carbon dioxide is sent to the outside world via the opposite route to oxygen. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "ventilation (medicine)" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…これに対して陸生動物の肺は空気呼吸に適した器官であって,脊椎動物では食道の一部のふくらみとして形成され,空気をその中に吸い入れることによってガス交換面の乾燥を防ぐことができる。えら呼吸でも肺呼吸でも,たいていの動物では呼吸器表面をたえず新鮮な水や空気にふれさせておくために,呼吸運動によって換水や換気が行われている。魚類では,呼吸運動によって起こるえらの表面の水流の方向と,えらの毛細血管内の血流の方向とが逆になっていて,ガス交換がきわめて効率よく行われることが知られている。… 【呼吸機能】より…呼吸機能が十分かどうかは,最終的には生体が必要とする量の,正常組成の動脈血を供給できるかどうかで判断する。 酸素が外界から体の動脈内に到達するまでには,肺胞に新鮮な空気を取り込み,それが酸素が少なくて二酸化炭素の多い肺胞内のガスと入れかわり(換気),酸素が肺胞から肺胞毛細血管膜(呼吸膜)を通って肺毛細血管内に移行し(拡散),肺毛細血管内の血液が集まり(肺循環),左心室を介して全身に送られる過程を経る。二酸化炭素については,右心室を介して肺毛細血管に静脈血が送られ,そのあとは酸素と逆のルートで外界に送り出される。… ※「換気(医学)」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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