Excessive defense

Japanese: 過剰防衛 - かじょうぼうえい
Excessive defense

This refers to a case where a counterattack is made against an imminent and unlawful infringement, but the counterattack exceeds the level of defense (Article 36, Paragraph 2 of the Penal Code). Unlike self-defense, this does not constitute a reason for preventing illegality, so the defendant will not be found not guilty, but the sentence may be reduced or waived depending on the circumstances.

The requirements for excessive self-defense are (1) the existence of an unlawful infringement, (2) exceeding the level of defense (excessiveness), (3) the intention to defend, and (4) the awareness of excessiveness. Of these, (2) and (4) are particularly problematic. Regarding (2), as a counterattack against an imminent and unlawful infringement, it is necessary that the act objectively "exceeds the level of defense." Regarding this "level of defense," the expression "minimum necessary" is sometimes used in legal precedents, but this does not mean that it is the "only method," as in the case of emergency evacuation, and the result does not require a strict balance of legal interests. Next, regarding (4), it is necessary that the perpetrator is aware of such excessiveness. Therefore, if there is no awareness of the excessiveness of the counterattack and an excessive result is mistakenly caused while intending to take a reasonable defensive action, then it will merely be a negligent crime as a type of mistaken defense.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference items] | Illegal prevention grounds | Emergency evacuation | Self-defense | Legal interests

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

急迫不正の侵害に対し反撃したが、防衛の程度を超えた場合をいう(刑法36条2項)。正当防衛とは異なり違法阻却事由にはあたらないため、無罪にはならないが、情状により、その刑を減軽または免除することができる。

 過剰防衛の要件は、(1)不正の侵害があること、(2)防衛の程度を超えたこと(過剰性)、(3)防衛の意思があること、(4)過剰性の認識があること、である。このうち、(2)と(4)がとくに問題となる。(2)に関して、急迫不正の侵害に対する反撃として、客観的に「防衛の程度を超えた行為」であることを要する。この「防衛の程度」について、判例には「必要最小限」という表現が用いられることがあるが、緊急避難の場合のように「唯一の方法」であることを意味しないし、その結果についても厳密な法益の均衡は要するわけではない。つぎに、(4)に関しては、このような過剰性について行為者が認識していることを要する。したがって、反撃にあたって過剰性の認識がなく、相当な防衛行為をするつもりで誤って過剰な結果を惹起(じゃっき)した場合は、誤想防衛の一種として過失犯が成立するに過ぎない。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 違法阻却事由 | 緊急避難 | 正当防衛 | 法益

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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