Advection - Iryu

Japanese: 移流 - いりゅう
Advection - Iryu

Advection is the process by which air or seawater carries substances such as water vapor and salt, as well as physical quantities of fluids such as pressure, temperature, density, and momentum. For example, when considering changes in temperature at a certain point, changes can be divided into two categories: changes that occur when the air remains stationary at that point and is heated or cooled by solar heat, and changes that occur when cold or warm air flows into that point from another place. The latter is temperature change due to advection. If the physical quantity of interest is A, the speed of the real part of the fluid is V, the time change in A for the real part is dA/dt, and the local time change of A at a fixed point is ∂A/∂t, then we obtain the following equation.


The second term on the right hand side represents the effect of transport by advection and is called the advection term. If the x, y, and z components of V in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system are u, v, and w, the advection term is expressed by the following equation.


Of these, the first two terms are called horizontal advection terms, and the last term is called vertical advection term. In addition, the local time rate of change of a substance or physical quantity at a fixed point that is due to advection is called the advection effect. In meteorology and oceanography, advection is often considered to be horizontal motion.

Weather observations measure the state of the atmosphere at a fixed point, and weather forecasts predict the weather around that fixed point, so advection effects must always be taken into account, which is why advection is an important concept in meteorology. Advection is also sometimes used to simply mean the large horizontal movement of an air mass, and the resulting phenomenon is sometimes named after it. For example, when a moist, warm air mass moves to a cold surface (sea surface, ground), the lower part of the mass is cooled and the resulting fog is called advection fog. In addition, thunderstorms caused by the large difference in temperature between the upper and lower levels due to the advection of cold air to higher levels or warm air to lower levels, which causes the atmospheric stratification to become unstable, are sometimes called advection lightning.

[Atsushi Kurashima]

[References] | Meteorology | Weather observation | Air mass | Atmosphere | Weather forecast | Fluid

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

空気や海水などによって水蒸気、塩分などの物質や、圧力、温度、密度、運動量などの流体のもつ物理量が運ばれる過程を移流という。たとえば、ある地点における気温の変化を考える場合、空気がその場所に停留していて、太陽熱などによって暖まったり冷えたりするためにおこる変化と、冷たい空気あるいは暖かい空気が他の場所からその地点に流れ込んでくるためにおこる変化とに分けられる。後者が移流による気温変化である。いま注目する物理量をAとし、流体の実質部分の速度をV、実質部分についてのAの時間的変化をdA/dt、ある固定点におけるAの局所的時間変化を∂A/∂tとすれば、次式となる。


右辺の第2項は移流による輸送の効果を表し、移流項とよばれる。三次元直交座標系でVのx、y、z方向の成分をu、v、wとすると、移流項は次式で表される。


このうち、前2項を水平移流項、最後の項を垂直移流項とよぶ。また、ある固定点における物質または物理量の局所的時間変化率のうち、移流によるものを移流効果という。気象学や海洋学では、移流は水平運動について考える場合が多い。

 気象観測は固定点での大気の状態を測定するものであり、天気予報はその固定点周辺の気象を予測するものであるから、つねに移流効果を考えて行う必要があり、その点からも、移流は気象学では重要な概念になっている。移流はまた、単に気団が水平方向に大きく動く意味に用いられ、それによっておこる現象に移流の名がつけられることがある。たとえば、湿った暖かい気団が冷たい地表(海面、地面)に移動するとき、その下層部が冷やされてできる霧を移流霧という。また、高層への寒気の移流または低層への暖気の移流によって、気温の上下差が大きくなり大気の成層が不安定となっておこる雷雨を移流雷とよぶことがある。

[倉嶋 厚]

[参照項目] | 気象学 | 気象観測 | 気団 | 大気 | 天気予報 | 流体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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