... A scientific revolution in the above sense is a proper noun written in capital letters as Scientific Revolution in English, and is a one-time phenomenon that occurred in history. In contrast, T. Kuhn redefined it as a common noun, a plural scientific revolution, in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). According to him, scientists establish a tradition of normal science under a certain paradigm, and when many irregularities are recognized within that tradition, a crisis occurs, which is eventually replaced by another paradigm, and a scientific revolution occurs. ... From [Kuhn]…After earning a degree in physics from Harvard University, he switched to the history of science, and after graduating from the University of California (Berkeley) and Princeton University, he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He made his name famous with his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which made full use of the concept of paradigm, in which he defined a paradigm as "a widely accepted achievement that, for a certain period of time, provides scientists with a model for how to question and answer nature." In the intellectual climate that forced a re-examination of academics after the 1960s, this term was not only widely accepted as a keyword for questioning the fundamentals of academic theory and academic systems, but also came to be interpreted in an expanded way to mean political lines and systems, exerting a great influence on academic and intellectual circles. … From [Paradigm]…In modern English, it was often used to mean a representative example for remembering the inflections of nouns and verbs, especially in Latin, for example, using amo, the word for “love,” as an inflection of a finite verb, to remember the inflections of person, tense, and mode, such as amo, amas, ama, etc. However, in 1962, TS Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was published, in which Kuhn gave the word a new, specific meaning, and this usage became so widespread that the word “paradigm” came to have the Kuhnian meaning in both Europe and the United States and in Japan (sometimes translated as “model” or “exemplary,” but usually written in katakana). Kuhn's “paradigm” is a concept introduced to explain the history and structure of science, and can be defined as the totality of (1) ways of looking at things, (2) ways of formulating problems, and (3) ways of solving problems that dominate and are shared among the members of a scientific community of specialist scientists in a certain scientific field. … *Some of the terminology referenced in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 以上の意味での科学革命は英語では大文字でScientific Revolutionと書かれる固有名詞であって,歴史上起こった1回限りの現象である。それに対してT.クーンは,その《科学革命の構造》(1962)において,小文字・複数の科学革命,つまり一般名詞に定義しなおした。彼によれば,科学者たちはあるパラダイムのもとに通常科学の伝統を開き,その伝統の中で変則性が多く認められるようになると危機が生じ,やがて別のパラダイムによってとって代わられて科学革命が起こる,とする。… 【クーン】より…ハーバード大学で物理学の学位をとった後科学史に転じ,カリフォルニア大学(バークリー),プリンストン大学を経てマサチューセッツ工科大学(MIT)教授。彼の名を有名にしたのはパラダイム概念を駆使した1962年の《科学革命の構造》で,そこで彼はパラダイムを〈広く人々に受け入れられている業績で,一定の期間,科学者に,自然に対する問い方と答え方の手本を与えるもの〉と定義した。この言葉は1960年代以降の学問の問い直しが迫られる知的状況のなかで,広く学問論や学術体制論の基本を問うためのキーワードとして受け入れられただけでなく,政治路線や体制を意味するまでに拡張解釈して用いられるようになり,学界,思想界に大きな影響を及ぼした。… 【パラダイム】より…近代英語の用法では,とくにラテン語などの名詞や動詞の語型変化を記憶する際の〈代表例〉――例えば定形動詞の変化として“愛する”のamoを用いて,amo,amas,ama,……という人称変化や時制変化,モード変化を記憶する――の意味で用いられることが多かった。しかし1962年,T.S.クーンの《科学革命の構造》が発刊され,そのなかで,クーンはこの言葉に新しい特定の意味を与えて使い,この用法が非常な普及を見せたため,それ以降〈パラダイム〉は,欧米でも日本でも(ときに〈範型〉〈範例〉と訳されるが,通常はこの片仮名書きが多用されている),クーンの意味によることになった。 クーンの〈パラダイム〉は,科学の歴史や構造を説明するために持ち込まれた概念で,ある科学領域の専門的科学者の共同体scientific communityを支配し,その成員たちの間に共有される,(1)ものの見方,(2)問題の立て方,(3)問題の解き方,の総体であると定義できよう。… ※「《科学革命の構造》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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