Engel's law

Japanese: エンゲルの法則 - えんげるのほうそく(英語表記)Engel's law
Engel's law

This is an empirical law that German statistician Engel uncovered based on a household survey of Belgian workers in the mid-19th century. In general, people's desires are not all ranked equally, but rather there is a tendency for the desire for food and drink to come first, followed by clothing, and then housing and utilities. Thus, there is a rule (Engel called it a natural law) that the poorer the household, the greater the proportion of their total expenditures that is spent on food and drink, and the higher the income of the household, the smaller the proportion of food and drink. In later years, this rule came to be called Engel's Law after its discoverer. Several studies were conducted following Engel's research, and for example, German statistician Schwabe revealed, based on a household survey in Berlin, that the proportion of housing expenses in total expenditures tends to be smaller for households with higher incomes (known as Schwabe's Law).

The reason why the consumption structure (the composition of consumption items) differs depending on the income level is because the change in consumption accompanying a change in income is not necessarily uniform for each item. In modern economics, in household consumption analysis, Engel's law is more generalized and is understood as an Engel function that shows the relationship between income and the consumption amount of a certain commodity. The Engel curve is a graph of this function. However, since a normal Engel curve illustrates the relationship between income and the consumption amount of a certain commodity, it is not possible to aggregate the consumption amount for items that represent multiple types of goods together, such as food, and an Engel curve cannot be drawn for these items. Instead, there is the Engel expenditure curve, which illustrates the relationship between the consumption expenditure amount of a certain item and the total expenditure amount.

Engel derived the pattern from data relating income and food expenditures among different income brackets during the same period (such data are called cross-sectional data), but a similar relationship can also be derived from data relating changes in income and changes in food expenditures in different years (called time-series data). However, in the case of time-series data, changes in consumption structure accompanying changes in income may not necessarily show the same trends as in cross-sectional data, because price systems and lifestyles change in different years.

[Akira Shida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの統計学者エンゲルが、19世紀中ごろのベルギーの労働者の家計調査に基づいて明らかにした経験法則をいう。一般に、人々の欲望はすべてが同じ順位にあるのではなく、飲食物に対する欲望が第1位にあり、被服の欲望がそれに続き、さらに住居や光熱への欲望が続くという傾向がある。したがって、貧しい家計ほど総支出のなかでより大きな割合が飲食費に費やされ、所得の高い家計ほど飲食費の割合は小さくなるという規則性(エンゲルはそれを自然法則とよんだ)がある。後年そのような規則性を、発見者の名にちなんでエンゲルの法則とよぶようになった。その後エンゲルの研究の後を追っていくつかの調査が行われ、たとえばドイツの統計学者シュワーベは、ベルリンの家計調査に基づいて、支出総額のなかに占める住居費の割合が、所得の高いものほど小さくなる傾向があることを明らかにしている(シュワーベの法則という)。

 所得水準が違うと消費構造(消費品目の構成比)が異なってくるのは、所得の変化に伴う消費の変化が、品目ごとにかならずしも一様ではないことに起因する。現代の経済学における家計の消費分析では、エンゲルの法則はより一般化され、所得とある商品の消費量との間の関係を示すエンゲル関数としてとらえられる。その関数をグラフに描いたものがエンゲル曲線である。ただし通常のエンゲル曲線は、所得とある商品の消費量との間の関係を図示するものであるから、食料品などのように複数の種類の商品をひとまとめにして表す品目については、消費量を集計できず、エンゲル曲線は描けない。それにかわるものが、ある費目の消費支出額と総支出額との間の関係を図示するエンゲル支出曲線である。

 エンゲルは、同じ時期の異なった所得階層間の所得と食料費支出を関連づける資料(そのような資料をクロス・セクション資料という)から規則性を導き出したが、同様の関係は、異なった年度における所得の変化と食料費支出の変化を関連づける資料(時系列資料という)から導き出すこともできるであろう。しかし時系列資料の場合には、所得の変化に伴う消費構造の変化が、クロス・セクション資料の場合とはかならずしも同じ動向を示さないこともある。時系列資料では、異なった年度の物価体系や生活習慣が変わってくるからである。

[志田 明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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