Al-Mansūr, Abū Ja`far `Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad

Japanese: マンスール（英語表記）al-Mansūr， Abū Ja`far `Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad

[Raw]? Fumaima
Died October 775. The second caliph of the Mecca Abbasid dynasty (reigned 754-775). He was the elder brother of the first caliph, Abu al-Abbas, and the de facto founder of the dynasty. All of the 35 subsequent caliphs of the dynasty were his descendants. When he became caliph, his uncle, General Abdullah, who had defeated the Umayyad army at the Zab River, rebelled, but Mansur sent Abu Muslim to defeat him. He then assassinated Abu Muslim, a meritorious figure in the founding of the dynasty, and suppressed the religious rebellion in Iran, the rebellion started by the Shiite brothers Ibrahim and Muhammad, and reunited the Islamic world, which had been in turmoil due to civil war. On the other hand, in foreign policy, he repeatedly attacked the Byzantine Empire, conquered the mountainous region south of the Caspian Sea where the power of the Sassanid Empire remained, and extended his influence as far as the Kashmir region of India. After becoming caliph, he built the city of Hashimiya near Kufa as his capital, but in 762 he began construction of a new castle on the west bank of the Tigris River, and named the completed city "City of Peace (Madinah as-Salam)." This would later become Baghdad, which developed into a large city with a population of over one million. In order to govern the vast empire, Mansur inherited and improved the bureaucratic system established by the Umayyad caliph Hisham, and carried out administrative and financial reforms. He also established a standing army centered on soldiers from the Khorasan region to strengthen his position, and built the framework of the Abbasid political structure, which governed the empire with a strong standing army and a well-organized bureaucratic system.

Mansour
Mansur

A 17th century Mughal court painter in India. He served Emperor Jahangir and was a miniature painter who is as famous as Abul Hasan. He excelled in romantic paintings of flowers and birds. His major work is "The Falcon" (c. 1619, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]?　フマイマ
[没]775.10. メッカ
アッバース朝第2代のカリフ (在位 754～775) 。第1代カリフ，アブル・アッバースの兄で，同朝の事実上の創始者。その後 35代の同朝カリフはみな彼の子孫である。カリフ就任に際して，叔父であり，ザーブ河畔でウマイヤ朝軍を破った将軍アブドゥッラーが反旗を翻したが，マンスールはアブー・ムスリムを派遣してこれを破った。続いて同朝創設の功臣アブー・ムスリムを謀殺し，イランの宗教反乱を押え，シーア派のイブラーヒームとムハンマド兄弟が起した乱を鎮圧，内乱によって混乱していたイスラム世界を再統一した。一方外交政策では，ビザンチン帝国に繰返し攻撃をかけ，ササン朝の勢力が残存していたカスピ海南方の山岳地方を征服し，インドのカシミール地方までも手を伸ばした。カリフ就任後，クーファの近くにハーシミーヤの町を建設して首都としていたが，762年チグリス川の西岸に新城の建設を始め，完成した町を「平安の都 (マディーナ・アッサラーム) 」と名づけた。これがのちに人口 100万をこえる大都市に発展したバグダードである。マンスールは広大な帝国の統治のため，ウマイヤ朝カリフ，ヒシャームのつくった官僚制度を継承，整備し，行政・財政上の改革を行なった。またホラーサーン地方の軍人を中心に常備軍を創設して身辺を固めさせ，強力な常備軍と整った官僚制度をもって帝国を統治する，というアッバース朝政治構造の骨組みを築いた。