A bird of the family Fringillidae in the order Passeriformes. A small bird found naturally in the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Azores in the Atlantic Ocean, it has been bred mainly in Europe as a pet since the 16th century, and is now widely kept all over the world. It was imported to Japan in Nagasaki during the Tenmei era (1781-1789), and breeding has become popular to this day. Wild canaries are 13 cm long, yellow on the underside, and dark green on the upper side in males and gray-brown in females. Males sing a lot. They mainly eat small seeds, ripe fruits, and other vegetable matter. From spring to summer, they build nests on tree branches not too high above the ground, laying 3 to 5 blue-green eggs with small reddish-brown spots at a time, and sometimes raising as many as four chicks in one season. They form large flocks outside of the breeding season. A different species, the very similar and slightly smaller Serinus , is distributed along the Mediterranean coast of Europe and Africa. Canaries were brought to Europe from the Canary Islands, from which the canary takes its name, by soldiers of the Kingdom of Castile in Spain in the early 15th century, and their domestication rapidly increased after the middle of the 16th century. They meet all the requirements for domestication, such as being seed-eating, having strong reproductive capacity, growing in colonies, and being easy to capture using decoys. In addition, they easily hybridize with the Serinus of the same genus, and with the Chaffinch, Siskin, and Bullfinch, which are in different genuses but are also in the same family of Fringillidae, so a wide variety of varieties have been developed. [Nobuo Takeshita] VarietiesThere are three directions for breeding: those that enjoy the sound of their song, those that enjoy their unusual appearance, and those that enjoy the beautiful color of their feathers. In Germany, canaries that have been kept as pets with the same appearance and song as the original species are called ordinary canaries. Roller canaries (singing canaries) bred in this country have dark green, yellow, or spots of both above, and produce a quiet voice with the same tone and sound for a long time. Orange roller canaries are orange all over, and are a breed created by fixing the color change of the roller. Although their song is inferior to that of rollers, they are also widely loved for their beautiful appearance. The red canary is a delight to the eye with its gorgeous red-orange color. This breed was created in the United States in 1934 by artificial crossing between the American siskin Carduelis cucullatus , a member of the Fringillidae family found in Venezuela and Trinidad, and the orange roller canary. There are several types that can be created depending on the combination of genes, such as unmarked red feathers that extend to the tips of the feathers, marked feathers with white tips and red-orange and pale red spots all over the body, demofic, which is all white with a beautiful faint red hue, and apricot, which is all red but has pale red around the eyes, back, and belly. The Yorkshire canary is the largest breed along with the Lancashire canary, reaching a total length of 20 centimeters. The feathers are mostly yellow or dark yellow, but there are also green and red ones. Bred in Yorkshire, England, it is characterized by a straight line on the top of its body from head to the tip of its tail, and by perching at a 45-degree angle to the tree. The Norwich canary, bred in Norwich, England, is also a breed enjoyed for its appearance, with a style similar to that of a bullfinch, a thick body, and a large head. It comes in a variety of colors, but yellow is the most common. Curly canaries have long chest and belly feathers that curl up to the left and right. They also come in a wide variety of feather colors, including yellow, white, green, and red. The thin canary is a breed that was bred in Japan, and is a small breed with a total length of about 12 cm. It is characterized by a long, slender body shape and a posture when perching with its upper body almost vertical and its long tail sticking out from under the perch. It comes in colors such as yellow, white, and lemon. In addition, although not a breed, there are canaries with unusual plumage colors that can appear during the breeding process and are called colored canaries. They come in a pale yellow lemon color, a beer color with a brown chest and belly and a dark back, gray, and oyster color. [Nobuo Takeshita] How to care for themThey are usually kept in wooden boxes with wire mesh only on the front, so-called garden boxes, but if you want to enjoy their song, you can put only one male in a wire cage and hide the female. Yorkshire, Lancashire, Norwich and curly canaries are large, so garden boxes with a width and depth of 40 cm and a height of 45 cm are usually used for one pair, while other species are 35 cm wide, deep and 45 cm high. Two straight perches are attached to the top and bottom. Their diet consists mainly of barnyard millet, foxtail millet and millet, mixed with 20 to 30% perilla, rapeseed and canary seed, which are rich in protein, fat and minerals. They are constantly given food such as roasted seashells, green vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, cabbage and chickweed, and water. As they are active birds, heavy ceramic food boxes and water bowls must be used, otherwise they will tip over. They are often infested with red mites, a type of parasitic mite, and will weaken if they suck blood too much. Wash the garden box with hot water or spray it with 2% cresol soap, and apply a small amount of insect repellent to the bird's body. If the garden box becomes dirty, it is prone to disease, so it is a good idea to clean it carefully once or twice a week. A highly contagious disease is canary pox, and if it is severe, the bird will open its beak and breathe heavily, eventually dying. There is no cure, so the only thing to do is to isolate the bird immediately if it is discovered and prevent it from spreading to others. Disinfecting the garden box with cresol soap is an effective way to prevent this. In addition, in the summer, mosquitoes will often suck blood and weaken the birds, so some way to ward off mosquitoes is necessary. Breeding is relatively easy, and they are usually allowed to lay eggs 2-4 times between March and July. The amount of nutritious feed such as rapeseed and perilla is increased to about 40% of the total, and breadcrumbs mixed with egg yolk are fed. Ready-made dish nests are provided, with bundles of karkaya roots tied to wire mesh as nesting material. After the female finishes building the nest in a few days, she begins laying eggs. After laying one egg each morning, 4-5 eggs, she begins incubation for 13-14 days. Once incubation begins, the feed is returned to normal. Once the chicks are born, a mixture of breadcrumbs and boiled eggs is added again as rearing feed. The chicks leave the nest about 20 days after hatching, but after about a month they become independent, so they are left for a few more days and moved to a garden box separate from the parents. During this time, the parents have begun laying and incubating the next batch of eggs. [Nobuo Takeshita] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鳥綱スズメ目アトリ科の鳥。大西洋のカナリア諸島、マデイラ諸島、アゾレス諸島に自然分布する小鳥で、16世紀以降飼い鳥としてヨーロッパを中心に品種改良され、現在では広く世界中で飼われている。日本には天明(てんめい)年間(1781~1789)に長崎に舶来し、飼育が流行して現在に至っている。野生カナリアは、全長13センチメートル、下面は黄色、上面は雄が暗緑色、雌が灰褐色。雄はよくさえずる。小さな種子、熟した果実など植物質のものをおもに食べる。春から夏にかけて、地上からあまり高くない木の枝に巣をつくり、赤褐色の小さな斑点(はんてん)のある青緑色の卵を1回に3~5個産み、多いときは1シーズンに4回も雛(ひな)を育てる。繁殖期以外は大きな群れをつくる。ヨーロッパとアフリカの地中海沿岸には、別種であるが非常によく似てやや小形のセリンS. serinusが分布している。カナリアは15世紀の初めから、スペインのカスティーリャ王国の兵士によって、名の由来となったカナリア諸島などからヨーロッパに持ち込まれ、16世紀なかばを過ぎてから、急激に飼養が盛んになった。種子食であること、繁殖力が強いこと、群生すること、おとりを使って容易に捕獲できることなど家禽(かきん)化される条件がそろっていたうえに、同属のセリン、属は違うが同じアトリ科のズアオアトリ、マヒワ、ウソなどと容易に交雑するので、多様な品種が生まれた。 [竹下信雄] 品種品種改良の方向としては、鳴き声を楽しむもの、変わった姿を楽しむもの、美しい羽色を楽しむもの、の三つがある。ドイツで、原種そのままの外観と鳴き声で飼い鳥として固定されたものを並カナリアという。この国で産出されたローラーカナリア(鳴きカナリア)は、上面が暗緑色、黄色、またはそのまだらで、高低のない同じ声量の静かな声を長く続ける。オレンジローラーカナリアは全身オレンジ色で、ローラーの色変わりを固定して品種としたものである。鳴き声はローラーより劣るが、姿の美しさもあって広く愛好される。 アカカナリアは華やかな赤橙(せきとう)色をしており、目を楽しませる。この品種は、ベネズエラとトリニダード島に分布するアトリ科のショウジョウヒワCarduelis cucullatusとオレンジローラーカナリアとの人為的な交雑によって、1934年にアメリカで生じた。羽毛の先端まで赤い無覆輪(むふくりん)、先端部が白く全身が赤橙色と淡赤色の斑(はん)になる有覆輪、全身が白色で、ほんのりと紅をさした色合いが美しいデモフィック、全身赤いが目の周り、背、腹が淡赤色のアプリコットなど、遺伝子の組合せによって、いくつかのタイプができる。ヨークシャーカナリアは、ランカシャーカナリアとともにもっとも大きな品種で、全長20センチメートルに達する。羽色は黄色、濃黄色のものが多いが、緑色、赤色のものもある。イギリスのヨークシャー州で作出され、頭から尾の先までの上面の線がまっすぐに伸び、止まり木に対して45度の角度で止まるのが特徴である。イギリスのノーリッチ市で作出されたノーリッチカナリアも容姿を楽しむ品種で、ウソに似たスタイルで、胴が太く頭部も大きい。色はさまざまであるが、黄色が普通。巻き毛カナリアは胸と腹の羽が長く、かつ左右に巻き上がっている。これも羽色の変化が多く、黄、白、緑、赤がある。 細カナリアは、日本で作出されたものといってよく、全長約12センチメートルの小形の品種で、細く長くすらりとした体形と、止まるときの姿勢が、上体はほぼ垂直、長い尾が止まり木の下から前に突き出ることが特徴。色は黄、白、レモンなどである。このほか、品種ではないが、繁殖の過程で、変わった羽色のものがでることがあり、色カナリアとよばれる。淡い黄色のレモン色、胸と腹が褐色で背が黒っぽいビール色、灰色、カキ色などがある。 [竹下信雄] 飼い方前面だけが金網張りになっている木の箱、いわゆる庭箱で飼うのが普通であるが、鳴き声を楽しむ場合は、雄1羽だけを金網製の鑑賞籠(かご)に入れ、雌は見えないようにする。ヨークシャー、ランカシャー、ノーリッチ、巻き毛カナリアは大形なので、間口と奥行が40センチメートル、高さ45センチメートルの庭箱、ほかの種には、間口と奥行が35センチメートル、高さ45センチメートルの庭箱に一つがいが普通である。止まり木は、まっすぐなものを上下に2本取り付ける。飼料はヒエ、アワ、キビをおもにし、タンパク質、脂肪、ミネラルの多いエゴマ、ナタネ、カナリーシードを20~30%混ぜる。貝殻を焼いたボレイ粉と、ハクサイ、キャベツ、ハコベなどの青菜、それに水も常時与える。活発な鳥なので、餌(えさ)箱、水入れともに陶製の重いものを使わないと、ひっくり返したりする。 寄生ダニの1種ワクモがつくことが多く、吸血が激しいと衰弱する。庭箱を熱湯で洗うか、2%のクレゾールせっけん液を噴霧し、鳥の体には少量の除虫菊剤をかけてやる。庭箱が不潔になると発生しやすいので、週に1、2回ていねいに掃除するとよい。伝染力が強い病気にカナリア痘(とう)があり、悪性の場合は、嘴(くちばし)を開いて激しく呼吸し、やがて死亡する。治療法はないので、発見したらただちに隔離して他に伝染するのを防ぐしかない。予防には、クレゾールせっけん液による庭箱の消毒が有効である。そのほか、夏にはカに吸血されて弱ることが多いので、カを防ぐくふうが必要である。 繁殖は比較的容易で、普通3~7月に、2~4回の産卵をさせる。ナタネ、エゴマなどの栄養価の高い飼料を全体の40%ぐらいまで増やし、さらにパン粉に卵黄を混ぜたものを与える。巣はできあいの皿巣を与え、巣材としてカルカヤの根を束ねて金網に結び付けておく。雌の巣づくりが数日で終わると、産卵が始まる。毎朝1卵ずつ4~5個産み終えると、13~14日間の抱卵が始まる。抱卵が始まったら飼料は普段のものに戻す。雛が生まれたら、ふたたびパン粉とゆで卵を混ぜたものを養育飼料として加える。孵化(ふか)後約20日で巣立つが、それから約1か月たつと雛は独立するので、さらに数日おいて親鳥とは別の庭箱に移す。この間、親鳥は次の産卵と抱卵を始めている。 [竹下信雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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