A military explosive that was adopted as the official explosive of the Japanese Navy in 1893 (Meiji 26) thanks to research by Masachika Shimose. Its ingredients were kept secret for a long time, but Shimose powder is picric acid itself. Picric acid was adopted as the official explosive by the French military in 1885. Shimose noticed this in 1888 and devised a method to fill bullets with picric acid, succeeding in increasing the explosive power of bullets ahead of other countries. The Shimose gunpowder factory was established in Takinogawa, Tokyo in 1899, and mass-produced gunpowder was used in the Russo-Japanese War. It was used not only for artillery shells, but also as an explosive for torpedoes and mines until the end of the Pacific War. The disadvantages of picric acid, or Shimose gunpowder, were that it was highly sensitive to impact and friction, it combined with heavy metals to form very sensitive picrates, and it was prone to cavity explosion (when the explosive inside a shell explodes inside the barrel due to the acceleration at the time of firing, destroying the barrel). [Tadao Yoshida and Shingo Date] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
下瀬雅允(まさちか)の研究により日本海軍の制式爆薬として1893年(明治26)に採用された軍用爆薬。その成分は長い間秘密とされていたが、下瀬火薬はピクリン酸そのものである。ピクリン酸は1885年フランス軍によって制式爆薬に採用された。下瀬は1888年にこれに着目し、ピクリン酸を弾丸に充填(じゅうてん)する方法を考案し、弾丸の炸裂(さくれつ)威力を各国に先んじて高めることに成功した。 下瀬火薬の製造所は1899年に東京・滝野川(たきのがわ)につくられ、大量生産されて日露戦争で使われた。砲弾のみならず魚雷および機雷の炸薬として太平洋戦争終戦まで使われた。衝撃や摩擦に対する感度が高いこと、重金属と化合して非常に鋭敏なピクリン酸塩をつくること、腔発(こうはつ)(砲弾内の炸薬が発射の際の加速度により砲身内で爆発して砲身を破壊)しやすいことなどが、ピクリン酸すなわち下瀬火薬の欠点であった。 [吉田忠雄・伊達新吾] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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