Cavour, Camillo Benso

Japanese: カブール（英語表記）Cavour， Camillo Benso

Born: August 10, 1810, Turin
Died June 6, 1861. Turin. Italian politician. First Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. Born into a noble family in Piedmont. Graduated from the Turin Military Academy, he left the military in 1831 with a liberal ideology. Traveled to France and England, and returned home with a strong belief in liberal economics and parliamentarianism. He introduced capitalist farm management to his vast territory and worked to reform agriculture. He also enthusiastically promoted the establishment of banks and the construction of railways to address the issue of industrialization. In 1847, he founded the newspaper "Il Risorgimento" and advocated political and economic liberalism. In 1848, he became a member of the newly established Sardinian Parliament and entered politics. He served as Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry in 1850 and Minister of Finance in 1851 in the cabinet of M. Azeglio, taking a center-right position, and formed an alliance with center-left leader U. Ratazzi, becoming Prime Minister himself in 1852. From then until July 1859, he actively promoted industrial development, implemented low tariff policies based on the principle of free trade, expanded trade with Britain and France, and improved the financial and credit systems. His liberal policies attracted refugees from various Italian countries, and had the effect of making Piedmont the center of the Risorgimento movement. In foreign policy, he made the secret Plombier agreement with Napoleon III in 1858 and began preparations for the war of independence against Austria. When the war broke out in 1859 and the prospects of victory seemed strong, the Peace of Villafranca was suddenly concluded, and he resigned as Prime Minister in July of the same year in protest. However, he returned in January 1860, succeeded in annexing central Italy in March, and then annexed southern Italy in October while opposing G. Garibaldi, who had invaded Sicily and Naples, contributing to the unification and independence of Italy. In March 1961, the Kingdom of Italy was declared and he was appointed its first Prime Minister, but he died suddenly in June, leaving behind a mountain of issues to be addressed.

Kabul
Kabul

It is the capital of Afghanistan and the province of the same name. It faces the Kabul River, which flows through a valley in a steep mountain range, and is located at an altitude of 1,800 meters. It is connected to major cities in the country by main roads, and is connected to Turkmenistan to the north and Pakistan to the east by roads. It is an ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years, and is mentioned in the Indian holy book, the Rig Veda, and in the writings of Ptolemy. However, long before its location was widely known, it controlled the route to this area from Pakistan and India, crossing the Hindu Kush Mountains in the north, via Ghazni and Gardez in the south, and across the Khyber Pass in the east. In the 13th century, it was heavily damaged by the invasion of Genghis Khan, but in the 16th century it became the capital of the Kabul Province of the Mughal Empire, and continued to do so until it was occupied by Nadir Shah of Persia in 1738. It became the capital of Afghanistan in 1773. During the First Afghan War, it was the site of a massacre of British garrison troops. Since the 1979 Afghanistan War, the Soviet Union has been stationed in the city, and it has been the target of anti-government guerrilla attacks, causing great damage. There are many historical monuments and beautiful gardens, and the Babur Gardens near the western edge of the old city contain the tomb of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and are well known as a tourist destination. The valley of the Daman Mountains, 80 km north of the city, is a cultural center of the pre-Islamic period, and contains the ruins of the towns of Alexandria and Kapisa, which are important in ancient history. The Kabul Museum is known for its collection of Silk Road artifacts and Gandhara art. In addition to food processing, leather, textiles, and furniture manufacturing, the city also has industries such as marble products. Kabul International Airport is located in the north of the city. Population: 2,938,300 (2009).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1810.8.10. トリノ
[没]1861.6.6. トリノ
イタリアの政治家。イタリア王国の第1代首相。ピエモンテの名門貴族出身。トリノ士官学校を卒業したが，自由主義思想をいだいて 1831年軍役を退く。フランスとイギリスへの旅に出て自由主義経済と議会主義に深い確信をもって帰国し，広大な領地に資本主義的大農場経営を導入して農業改革に努め，工業化の課題に取組むため銀行設立，鉄道敷設の事業を熱心に進めた。 47年"Il Risorgimento"紙を創刊して政治的ならびに経済的な自由主義の主張を掲げ，48年新たに開設されたサルジニア王国議会の議員となり政治活動に足を踏入れた。中道右派の立場に立って M.アゼリオ内閣で 50年農商工相，51年財務相をつとめ，中道左派の指導者 U.ラタッツィと連合を結び，52年みずから首相の地位を得た。以後 59年7月まで産業振興策を積極的に推進し，自由貿易主義の見地に立つ低関税政策と英仏両国との通商拡大，金融・信用制度の充実などを果した。その自由主義的政策はイタリア各国の亡命者をひきつけて，ピエモンテをリソルジメント運動の中心地とする効果をもたらした。外交政策では，1858年ナポレオン3世とプロンビエルの密約を結んでオーストリアに対する独立戦争の準備を進めた。 59年戦端が開かれて勝利の見通しが強まったとき，突如としてビラフランカの和議がなされたため，これに抗議して同年7月首相を辞任した。しかし 60年1月に復帰して，3月中部イタリアの併合に成功，続いてシチリアとナポリに遠征した G.ガリバルディと対抗しつつ 10月に南イタリアを併合，イタリアの統一と独立に貢献した。 61年3月イタリア王国の成立が宣言されて初代首相に任じられたが，山積する課題を残して6月に急死した。

カブール
Kabul

アフガニスタンの首都で，同名州の州都。険しい山地の谷間を流れるカブール川に臨み，標高 1800mに位置する。国内大都市と幹線道路で結ばれるほか，北はトルクメニスタンなど，東はパキスタンと道路が通じている。 3000年以上の歴史をもつ古い都市で，インドの聖典『リグ・ベーダ』にも言及され，プトレマイオスの著書にも記述がある。しかし，その所在が広く知られるよりはるか以前から，北はヒンドゥークシ山脈を越えて，南はガズニーやガルデーズを経由して，東はカイバー峠を越えて，パキスタンやインドからこの地にいたる経路を支配する町であった。 13世紀にはチンギス・ハンの侵入によって大きな被害を受けたが，16世紀にはムガル帝国カブール県の県都となって，1738年にペルシアのナーディル・シャーが占領するまで続いた。アフガニスタンの首都となったのは 1773年。第1次アフガン戦争中はイギリス駐留軍大虐殺の場となった。 1979年のアフガニスタン紛争以後，旧ソ連軍が駐留し反政府ゲリラの攻撃の的となり，大きな損害を受けた。歴史的記念物が多く，また多くの美しい庭園があり，旧市街の西端に近いバーブル庭園にはムガル帝国創始者であるバーブル帝の墓があり，行楽地としてよく知られる。また，市の北 80kmにあるダーマン山脈の渓谷には前イスラム時代の文化の中心地で，アレクサンドリア・カピサなどの町跡があり，古代史上重要なところである。カブール美術館はシルクロード遺物，ガンダーラ美術の収集で知られる。食品加工，皮革，織物，家具製造のほか，大理石製品などの工業がある。市の北部にはカブール国際空港がある。人口 293万8300（2009）。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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